Hydrogeological aspects of groundwater drainage of the urban areas in Kuwait City

Residential areas in Kuwait City have witnessed a dramatic rise in subsurface water tables over the last three decades. This water rise phenomenon is attributed mainly to over irrigation practices of private gardens along with leakage from domestic and sewage networks. This paper presents a comprehensive study for urban drainage in two selected areas representing the two hydrogeological settings encountered in Kuwait City. In the first area, a vertical drainage scheme was applied successfully over an area of 1 km². The system has been under continuous operation and monitoring for more than 4 years without problems, providing a permanent solution for the water rise problem in this area. The hydrogeological system has approached steady state conditions and the water levels have dropped to about 3·5 m below the ground surface. In the second area a dual drainage scheme, composing of horizontal and vertical elements, is proposed. Horizontal elements are suggested in the areas where the deep groundwater contains hazardous gases that may pose environmental problems. The proposed drainage scheme in the second area has not yet been implemented. Field tests were conducted to assess the aquifer parameters in both areas and a numerical model has been developed to predict the long‐term response of the hydrogeological system in the two areas under consideration. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

DNA tracers with information capacity and high detection sensitivity tested in groundwater studies

 In order to investigate the usefulness of unique synthetic DNA tracers in groundwater, a field experiment was conducted in Norway. DNA tracers and a sodium-chloride tracer were injected into an aquifer. The transport of DNA molecules was interpreted by comparing with the plume of chloride ions under forced-gradient steady-state flow conditions. Spatial concentration moments described the migration of conservative tracers. Mobility and migration of DNA in groundwater demonstrate that DNA tracers can be detected by using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequence analysis. The results indicate that DNA tracers can be valuable tools as tracers in groundwater investigations. Received, June 1997 / Revised, July 1998, December 1998 / Accepted, January 1999     

High temperature dehydroxylation of muscovite-2M1: a kinetic study by in situ XRPD

Muscovite-2M₁ shows a major phase transition at about 800°C, which is generally attributed in the literature to the structural dehydroxylation process, although a number of structural models have been proposed for the dehydroxylated phase, and different transformation mechanisms have also been put forward. The observed first order transformation involves an increase in the cell volume, and it is not clear to date how the cell expansion is related to the loss of hydroxyl groups. The phase change has been re-investigated here by in situ high temperature powder diffraction, both in non-isothermal and isothermal modes, to combine for the first time the structural and the kinetic interpretation of the transformation. The results unequivocally confirm that the reaction taking place in the temperature range 700–1000°C is truly a dehydroxylation process, involving the nucleation and growth of the high temperature dehydroxylated phase, having Al in 5-fold coordination. Structural simulations of the basal peaks of the powder diffraction patterns indicate that the model originally proposed by Udagawa et al. (1974) for the dehydroxylated phase correctly describes the high temperature phase. The kinetic analysis of the isothermal data using an Avrami-type model yields values for the reaction order compatible with a reaction mechanism limited by a monodimensional diffusion step. Apparent activation energy of the process in vacuum is about 251 kJ/mol. Experiments carried out at temperatures much higher than the onset temperature of the reaction show that the dehydroxylation reaction overlaps with the reaction of formation of mullite, the final product in the reaction pathway. Received: 24 April 1998 / Revised, accepted: 12 October 1998     

原位杂交技术在斜带石斑鱼神经坏死病毒检测中的应用

根据斜带石斑鱼（Epinephelus coioids）神经坏死病毒（orang-spotted nervous necrosis virus,0GNNV）的主衣壳蛋白（major capsid protein,MCP）基因的保守序列,设计一对引物,从感染0GNNV的斜带石斑鱼组织匀浆液提取RNA为模板进行RT-PCR扩增,得到426bp的cDNA片断。用得到的RT-PCR产物加上地高辛（DIG）标记作为核酸探针。通过注射病毒提取液人工感染一组斜带石斑鱼,解剖感染病毒的斜带石斑鱼,从中分离出脑和眼睛,运用原位杂交技术检测组织中的OGNNV。实验表明,原位杂交具有较高的灵敏性和特异性,可以用原位杂交的办法来检测养殖的石斑鱼是否有携带该病毒,达到监控和预防神经坏死病爆发的目的。本实验还采用了H＆E染色方法检测了感染NNV的石斑鱼脑部和眼部组织,观察细胞内的坏死部分。与原位杂交做对比,提高了检测的可靠性和准确性。本实验建立的石斑鱼神经坏死病毒的ISH检测方法有着较高的特异性和敏感性,易于操作,有助于石斑鱼神经坏死病毒的组织定位、发病机理的研究。     

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Cyclic strength and deformation of crushable carbonate sand

Cyclic triaxial tests have been carried out on a skeletal carbonate sand from the west coast of Eire. Results are presented for undrained cyclic shear tests on samples with 80% of relative density consolidated under both isotropic and anisotropic conditions. Failure was defined as a 5% double amplitude cyclic strain and a 5% peak axial strain for stress-reversal and non-reversal stress conditions, respectively. Using this definition the cyclic strength for isotropically consolidated samples was affected by the confining pressure although the angular platey nature of the sand resulted in higher cyclic strengths than for a comparable silica sand. For anisotropically consolidated samples the cyclic strength increased with increasing initial static shear stress while on the other hand the cyclic strength normalised in the usual way with respect to the initial confining pressure decreased as this pressure increased.     

鄂尔多斯盆地东胜地区砂岩型铀矿源区及其构造背景分析——来自碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄及Hf同位素的证据

通过LA-(MC)ICP-MS碎屑锆石微区U-Pb定年和Hf同位素分析,对鄂尔多斯盆地东胜地区中侏罗统直罗组砂岩型铀矿层进行了同位素定年物源示踪研究。结果显示,四个样品的锆石年龄分布均表现出良好的一致性,总体呈现出2500～2300Ma,2000～1750Ma和450～250Ma三个主峰值年龄与2300～2000Ma、1750～1400Ma的次峰期年龄。年代学对比研究揭示,东胜地区砂岩型铀矿的物源主要来自华北克拉通西部陆块阴山地块和中部造山带北部的TTG片麻岩、麻粒岩和孔兹岩,以及海西期的大量火成岩体。碎屑锆石的εHf(t)值由负到正,变化范围较大,显示了古老地壳的再循环过程。其中,1.9Ga和2.5Ga的部分锆石其Hf分析点位于亏损地幔线附近,指示该时期有新生地壳的形成。锆石的二阶段Hf模式年龄分布范围3.8～0.7Ga,但集中于3.0～2.3Ga,在2.8～2.6Ga出现一峰值,说明华北克拉通地壳主要形成于中、新太古代。本文所获得的锆石Hf同位素模式年龄与华北克拉通西部陆块的Hf和Nd同位素模式年龄分布特征非常接近,而与东部陆块有很大差别,从而进一步证实了东、西部陆块在古元古代拼合之前是独立发展的。     

Higher Dimensional Cosmological Implications Of A Decay Law For λ Term: Expressions For Some Observable Quantities

Implications of cosmological model with a cosmological term of the form , where β is a constant, are analyzed in multidimensional space time. The proper distance, the luminosity distance-redshift, the angular diameter distance-redshift, and look back time-redshift for the model are presented. It has been shown that models are found to be compatible with the present observations. This work, has thus generalized to higher dimensions the well-known result in four dimensional space time. It is found that the difference is significant at least in the principal to the anologous situation in four dimensional space time.     

振动频率对饱和砂土液化强度的影响

采用“土工静力-动力液压三轴-扭转多功能剪切仪”对饱和砂土进行了一系列动三轴实验,探讨了振动频率对液化强度数值的影响程度。在1．0、1．5固结比和0．05、0．10、1．00Hz振动频率条件下,针对相对密实度分别为70％、28％的密砂和松砂进行了100、200、300kPa围压和100kPa围压条件下的液化强度实验。实验结果表明,饱和密砂和松砂在各种固结条件下,液化强度随着振动频率的增大而增大,相同破坏振次时,各种实验条件下的液化强度与振动频率的关系在双对数坐标上均符合线性关系;振动频率由0．05Hz变化到1．00Hz时,液化强度相差达25％以上;动强度指标翰值随振动频率的增大而增大,最大相差12．2％;随着振动频率的增大,砂土达到液化破坏所需的时间明显缩短;振动频率对松砂液化强度的影响比对密砂的影响更为显著。