A constitutive model for mechanical and chemo‐mechanical compaction in sedimentary basins and finite element analysis

Compaction and associated fluid flow are fundamental processes in sedimentary basin deformation. Purely mechanical compaction originates mainly from pore fluid expulsion and rearrangement of solid particles during burial, while chemo‐mechanical compaction results from Intergranular Pressure‐Solution (IPS) and represents a major mechanism of deformation in sedimentary basins during diagenesis. The aim of the present contribution is to provide a comprehensive 3D framework for constitutive and numerical modeling of purely mechanical and chemo‐mechanical compaction in sedimentary basins. Extending the concepts that have been previously proposed for the modeling of purely mechanical compaction in finite poroplasticity, deformation by IPS is addressed herein by means of additional viscoplastic terms in the state equations of the porous material. The finite element model integrates the poroplastic and poroviscoplastic components of deformation at large strains. The corresponding implementation allows for numerical simulation of sediments accretion/erosion periods by progressive activation/deactivation of the gravity forces within a fictitious closed material system. Validation of the numerical approach is assessed by means of comparison with closed‐form solutions derived in the context of a simplified compaction model. The last part of the paper presents the results of numerical basin simulation performed in one dimensional setting, demonstrating the ability of the modeling to capture the main features in elastoplastic and viscoplastic compaction. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

西藏甲玛矿床磁黄铁矿微量元素特征及其与金富集沉淀的耦合机制

【研究目的】甲玛矿床是西藏冈底斯成矿带最重要的斑岩成矿系统之一,具有斑岩、矽卡岩、角岩、脉状金矿四位一体矿体结构,形成了丰富的矿物种类和多样的金属矿化。其中,磁黄铁矿作为重要的金属矿物之一,其矿物地球化学特征以及与金矿化的耦合关系一直不明确。【研究方法】此次,以甲玛斑岩成矿系统外围和远端的不同产状的磁黄铁矿为研究对象,基于详细的野外地质调查和镜下鉴定,通过激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子质谱分析方法（LAICP-MS）对不同产状的磁黄铁矿开展测点分析和扫描分析,详细揭示其地球化学特征。【研究结果】结果显示,甲玛矿床磁黄铁矿主要富集Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Ge、Se,弱富集Pb、Bi、Sb、Te、Ag、As,而Mo、Cd、In、Sn、Ba、W、Au、Tl、Th、U等元素含量较低。其中,矽卡岩中的磁黄铁矿具有较高的Co/Ni比值,能有效揭示其岩浆热液成因,而角岩中磁黄铁矿可能继承了一定的沉积特征。【结论】甲玛矿区磁黄铁矿的Cu、Zn、Pb含量变化特征与矿床空间矿化规律一致。矽卡岩中的块状磁黄铁矿与金矿化关系密切,金主要呈他形、不规则的独立金矿物产于磁黄铁矿的孔隙和粒间。同时,金的富集和沉淀可能与富铋的熔体有关。创新点：磁黄铁矿是甲玛超大型斑岩成矿系统中典型的金属矿物之一,其微区原位分析清晰揭示其微量元素地球化学特征和矿物成因,同时,证实矽卡岩中磁黄铁矿的高品位金与成矿流体中的富铋熔体有关。     

Elemental mobility in subduction metamorphism: insight from metamorphic rocks of the Franciscan Complex and the Feather River ultramafic belt,California

The degree of element mobility in subduction metamorphism has generated much debate; some workers advocate considerable mobility during metamorphism, whereas others postulate minimal mobility. We assess this issue by examination of major and trace element concentrations and Pb-, Nd-isotopic data for 39 mafic metavolcanic rocks from the Franciscan subduction complex, related units of coastal California, and the Feather River ultramafic belt of the northern Sierra Nevada, California; these samples span a wide range of metamorphic grade. We conclude that these rocks, despite their metamorphism up to eclogite facies, preserve protolith major and trace elemental compositions and isotopic ratios, with the exception of some mobile large ion lithophile elements such as Ba, Pb, and to a smaller extent La, U, and Sr. Thus subduction metamorphism of these metabasalts occurred in a largely closed system. Lack of light rare earth element enrichment in the rocks demonstrates lack of chemical exchange with subducted metasediments. Relatively low SiO₂ content (<48 wt.%) of many of the metamorphic rocks and the lack of correspondence between silica depletion and metamorphic grade suggests that the silica depletion resulted from seafloor hydrothermal alteration before subduction. In spite of demonstrated mobility of Pb, and possible mobility of Nd, isotopic ratios of Pb and Nd were not modified during subduction metamorphism. In contrast to our results from metabasaltic rocks, our analysis of actinolite-rich rinds from high-grade Franciscan mélange blocks suggests some chemical exchange between metachert and the overlying mantle. The increasing enrichment in Ba and Pb with increasing metamorphic grade suggests that Ba- and Pb-rich fluids interacted more intensely with metabasalt at the higher grades of metamorphism. Comparison of these results with studies of the active Mariana forearc suggests that fluids interacting with the mantle wedge up-dip of the region of magma genesis are derived from subducting sediments overlying the down-going plate.     

高密度电法在岩溶探测中的应用

高密度电法是一种适用性广泛的电阻率勘探方法,拥有多种电极排列装置选择。不同装置由于电极分布方式的差异,在针对不同地质目标和测区环境时往往表现出明显不同的探测能力。为探究各排列装置的特点及其适用情况,推导了2.5D电位的变分问题,采用Delaunay三角化算法实现了非结构化网格剖分,进而实现了有限元正演模拟。结合实践,对常见地质情况进行建模,分别使用温纳α、温纳β、施伦贝谢尔、偶极−偶极4种装置开展正反演对比研究。研究发现：(1) 在探测未知区域单个异常体时,温纳β、施伦贝谢尔2种排列的效果更好;(2) 在探测相邻较近的多个异常体时,应优先采用具有更高水平分辨率的施伦贝谢尔和偶极−偶极排列;(3) 对于低阻破碎带的勘探,温纳β和偶极−偶极排列更为适用;(4) 当地层具有较好分层界限时,4种排列均可体现良好的分层效果。因此,高密度电法勘探实践中应综合考虑不同排列装置的特点,根据具体情况选用合适的多种排列方式进行测量,并对采集数据进行综合对比分析,以获得更为准确的解释结果。

     

基于有限比较法研究万州区滑带土干重度的概率分布

对万州区滑坡滑带土干重度的86个测试数据进行拟合优度检验,发现多种传统的检验方法都既可以接受正态分布也可以接受对数正态分布.在传统检验方法失效的情况下,引入了有限比较法,确定了干重度的最优概率分布为正态分布,并用统计模拟的方法分析了有限比较法选中真实分布的概率.     

平阴县土壤中重金属元素异常成因研究

通过对平阴县周边及其西部农田区采样调查,平阴县周边元素异常具有异常衬度较高,富集系数大等特征,西部农田区异常具有各元素套合关系好,多数异常衬度不高,富集系数小的特点。结果表明,西部农田区异常是以As,Cd为主要成分的异常,元素含量与SiO2,Al2O3,Fe2O3等常量组分间具有显著的相关性,随SiO2含量的增加而降低,随Al2O3,Fe2O3含量的增加而增加,说明土壤常量组分及其所决定的土壤质地是导致异常形成的主要因素;而平阴城区异常是以S,Hg,As,Zn,Mn等元素为主的异常,是典型的人为综合因素（化工烟尘、工厂污水、生活垃圾）产生的异常。     

长江和黄河入海沉积物不同粒级组分中稀土元素的比较

为探索区分黄、东海陆架沉积物中来自长江和黄河源的有效替代性指标,从长江和黄河河口区各取3个沉积物样品作为长江和黄河入海沉积物的端元样品。研究结果表明:长江和黄河沉积物不同粒级组分中REE的变化范围分别为145.49~256.77 μg/g和121.22~135.56 μg/g,随粒度由细变粗分别呈下倾的"双峰"型分布和倒"S"型分布;长江沉积物中REE约为黄河的1.5倍,最低值比黄河的最高值高出20%;8~16 μm和2~4 μm是凸显长江和黄河沉积物稀土元素差异的敏感粒级,REE、LREE/HREE和(La/Yb)n等稀土元素特征参数在这两个粒级组分中差异明显。本次实验结果大幅度地提高了两条河流REE差异的灵敏度和可信度,为建立区分长江与黄河入海沉积物物源实用的有效指标提供了可能。     

长江口外缺氧区沉积物中元素分布的氧化还原环境效应

对取自长江口外缺氧区及其邻近海域表层沉积物样品进行了粒度组成和元素(主要包括氧化还原敏感性元素和亲碎屑元素)丰度的分析与测试,对长江口外缺氧区缺氧环境对元素分布的影响进行了探讨,提出了长江口外缺氧区沉积物中氧化还原敏感性元素(Redox sensitive elements,简称RSE)分布的氧化还原环境效应。亲碎屑元素丰度的分布显示出明显的粒控效应,而氧化还原敏感元素的分布受粒度效应的制约很弱,主要受离岸缺氧区还原环境的制约,具有在缺氧区富集的特点。缺氧环境对RSE分布的影响超过了元素的粒控效应,从而使研究区RSE的分布呈现出典型的氧化还原环境效应。     

桩-网路堤位移应力分析及其应用

由于桩-网复合地基的结构形式比较复杂,难以采用解析法求得其应力和位移。利用有限差分法对某桩-网法路堤进行了数值模拟,并取得了较好结果。计算结果显示,桩间土沉降线为悬链线,与现场位移监测结果吻合较好;桩身弯矩和桩土应力反映了桩-网复合地基的一些受力机理。分析认为,桩间土沉降较大的主要原因是由土体本身压缩及桩侧弯引起的。