大孔径闪烁仪观测中的相似理论适用性分析

利用2009年馆陶站(1-12月)和阿柔站(1-6月和10-11月)的大孔径闪烁仪LAS相关数据,分析了LAS观测中莫宁—奥布霍夫相似理论MOST理论的适用性,并探讨了MOST理论适用性的定量判断方法.结果表明:(1)在不稳定条件下,大尺度涡旋运动、大气湍流发展状况和温度尺度都能对MOST理论适用性产生显著影响;(2)确立了两种新的MOST理论适用性判断方法,即因子分析法和温度结构参数法,并验证了这两种判断方法是合理、可靠的.     

Amplification of primordial magnetic fields by anisotropic gravitational collapse

If a magnetic field is frozen into a plasma that undergoes spherical compression, then the magnetic field B varies with the plasma density ρ according to   B ∝ρ^2/3  . In the gravitational collapse of cosmological density perturbations, however, quasi-spherical evolution is very unlikely. In anisotropic collapses the magnetic field can be a much steeper function of gas density than in the isotropic case. We investigate the distribution of amplifications in realistic gravitational collapses from Gaussian initial fluctuations using the Zel'dovich approximation. Representing our results using a relation of the form   B ∝ρ^α  , we show that the median value of α can be much larger than the value  α= 2/3  resulting from spherical collapse, even if there is no initial correlation between magnetic field and principal collapse directions. These analytic arguments go some way towards understanding the results of numerical simulations.     

Interpreting the transmission windows of distant quasars

We propose the apparent shrinking criterion (ASC) to interpret the spatial extent, R _w, of transmitted flux windows in the absorption spectra of high- z quasars. The ASC can discriminate between the two regimes in which R _w corresponds either to the physical size,   R _{H  ii}   , of the quasar H  ii region or to the distance,   R ^max_w  , at which the transmitted flux drops to  =0.1  and a Gunn–Peterson (GP) trough appears. In the first case [H  ii region (HR) regime], one can determine the intergalactic medium mean H  i fraction,   x _H I  ; in the second [proximity region (PR) regime], the value of R _w allows one to measure the local photoionization rate and the local enhancement of the photoionization rate,  Γ_G  , due to nearby/intervening galaxies. The ASC has been tested against radiative transfer+smoothed particle hydrodynamics numerical simulations, and applied to a sample of 15 high-   z ( z > 5.8  ) quasar spectra. All sample quasars are found to be in the PR regime; hence, their observed spectral properties (inner flux profile, extent of transmission window) cannot reliably constrain the value of   x _{H  i}   . Four sample quasars show evidence for a local enhancement (up to 50 per cent) in the local photoionization rate possibly produced by a galaxy overdensity. We discuss the possible interpretations and uncertainties of this result.     

IMPACT STUDY ON THE CALCULATION OF VERTICAL VELOCITY IN DIFFERENT VERTICAL COORDINATE SYSTEMS

1 INTRODUCTION First, let’s have a review of various vertical coordinate systems used in numerical weather prediction (NWP). Richardson[1] (1922) first attempted to use the geometrical height z as the vertical coordinate system. Though geometrical height is easy to understand as a concept, it had not been applied in NWP until Kasahara and Washington (1967) rewrote his predictive equations and used state-of-the-art high-speed computers to conduct NWP in height coordinates. Eliassen[2]…     

当代气候变化的主要特点、关键问题及应对策略

总结归纳了当代气候变化的主要特点和基本规律,并从能量角度分析了全球气候变化的原因和气候变暖的本质驱动力。同时,还提出了目前气候变暖中几个值得重点关注的问题,讨论了为何要更加重视气候变暖的不利影响及其不利影响的深刻性和广泛性,并从长远发展和短期现实角度对目前科学应对气候变暖做了一些初步思考。     

遗传算法在水环境灰色非线性规划中的应用

利用常规最优化方法解水环境中的灰色非线性规划问题难度较大。尝试利用遗传算法与传统非线性规划解法相结合的混合数值算法对此类问题的求解进行了探索。在实例的应用中,该方法有效性得到了验证。     

Optical Flash of GRB 990123: Constraints on the Physical Parameters of the Reverse Shock

The optical flash accompanying GRB 990123 is believed to be powered by the reverse shock of a thin shell. With the best-fit physical parameters for GRB 990123 and the assumption that the parameters in the optical flash are the same as in the afterglow, we show that: 1) the shell is thick rather than thin, and we have provided the light curve for the thick shell case which coincides with the observation; 2) the theoretical peak flux of the optical flash accounts for only 3×10~-4 of the observed. In order to remove this discrepancy, the physical parameters, the electron energy and magnetic ratios, εe and εB, should be 0.61 and 0.39, which are very different from their values for the late afterglow.     

A Comparison of Sediment Varves (1950–2003 AD) in Two Adjacent Lakes in Northern Sweden

Koltjärnen and Nylandssjön are two closely situated lakes (<2 km apart) in northern Sweden. During the past century, distinct varved sediments have formed in these lakes. Nylandssjön has two varved, deep basins. Since lake and catchment characteristics superficially appear very similar for the two lakes and they are exposed to the same climate, one would expect the sediment varves to be similar. This investigation compares the varves in the two deep basins of Nylandssjön, and in the two lakes. The comparison of basins of Nylandssjön shows that varve thickness, water content and annual accumulation rates of organic matter and nitrogen are correlated for the period (1970–2003). The grey-scale curves are only clearly similar in about 50% of the varves. In the between-lake comparison varve thickness, water content and annual accumulation rates of organic matter and nitrogen are correlated for the period (1950–1996). However, the annual accumulation rates of dry mass, minerogenic matter and biogenic silica differ between the lakes, as well as within-varve successions in grey-scale. A general explanation to the differences is that the prerequisites for varve formation are not totally similar because of differences in catchment size, catchment- to-lake material fluxes, lake productivity and land-use influence. This study illustrates the complex relationships that exist between a lake, its catchment, in-lake productivity and formation of sediment varves. As a consequence, we must not apply a too simplistic view of the potential of varves as past climatic indicators, especially if the lakes are affected by land-use.     

A GIHS-based spectral preservation fusion method for remote sensing images using edge restored spectral modulation

High spatial resolution and spectral fidelity are basic standards for evaluating an image fusion algorithm. Numerous fusion methods for remote sensing images have been developed. Some of these methods are based on the intensity–hue–saturation (IHS) transform and the generalized IHS (GIHS), which may cause serious spectral distortion. Spectral distortion in the GIHS is proven to result from changes in saturation during fusion. Therefore, reducing such changes can achieve high spectral fidelity. A GIHS-based spectral preservation fusion method that can theoretically reduce spectral distortion is proposed in this study. The proposed algorithm consists of two steps. The first step is spectral modulation (SM), which uses the Gaussian function to extract spatial details and conduct SM of multispectral (MS) images. This method yields a desirable visual effect without requiring histogram matching between the panchromatic image and the intensity of the MS image. The second step uses the Gaussian convolution function to restore lost edge details during SM. The proposed method is proven effective and shown to provide better results compared with other GIHS-based methods.