Geology and geochemistry of basaltic lava flows and dikes from the Trans-Koolau tunnel, Oahu, Hawaii

A 200-m section of Koolau basalt was sampled in the 1.6-km Trans-Koolau (T–K) tunnel. The section includes 126 aa and pahoehoe lava flows, five dikes and ten thin ash units. This volcanic section and the physical characteristics of the lava flows indicate derivation from the nearby northwest rift zone of the Koolau shield. The top of the section is inferred to be 500–600 m below the pre-erosional surface of the Koolau shield. Therefore, compared with previously studied Koolau lavas, this section provides a deeper, presumably older, sampling of the shield. Shield lavas from Koolau Volcano define a geochemical end-member for Hawaiian shields. Most of the tunnel lavas have the distinctive major and trace element abundance features (e.g. relatively high SiO₂ content and Zr/Nb abundance ratio) that characterize Koolau lavas. In addition, relative to the recent shield lavas erupted at Kilauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes, most Koolau lavas have lower abundances of Sc, Y and Yb at a given MgO content; this result is consistent with a more important role for residual garnet during the partial melting processes that created Koolau shield lavas. Koolau lavas with the strongest residual garnet signature have relatively high ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os, ¹⁸O/¹⁶O, and low ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd. These isotopic characteristics have been previously interpreted to reflect a source component of recycled oceanic crust that was recrystallized to garnet pyroxenite. This component also has high La/Nb and relatively low ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, geochemical characteristics which are attributed to ancient pelagic sediment in the recycled crust. Although most Koolau lavas define a geochemical endmember for Hawaiian shield lavas, there is considerable intrashield geochemical variability that is inferred to reflect source characteristics. The oldest T–K tunnel lava flow is an example. It has the lowest ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, Zr/Nb and La/Nb, and the highest ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd ratio found in Koolau lavas. In most respects it is similar to lavas from Kilauea Volcano. Therefore, the geochemical characteristics of the Koolau shield, which define an end member for Hawaiian shields, reflect an important role for recycled oceanic crust, but the proportion of this crust in the source varied during growth of the Koolau shield. Received: 1 June 1998 / Accepted: 30 August 1998     

四川华蓥偏岩子晚二叠世玄武岩地球化学特征及其与峨眉山大火成岩省的成因关系

四川华蓥偏岩子地区位于四川盆地中东部,新发现的晚二叠世玄武岩介于茅口组(下伏)和龙潭组(上覆)之间,可与峨眉山玄武岩进行对比.矿物学和地球化学研究表明,偏岩子玄武岩属于高钛亲碱性系列,具有OIB型的稀土元素和微量元素配分模式.偏岩子玄武岩基本未遭受地壳混染,单斜辉石的结晶温度为1405～1439℃,指示源区存在异常高温...     

Permian felsic magmatism in the Neoproterozoic Nagar Parkar Igneous Complex of the Malani Igneous Suite: Evidence from zircon U–Pb age

We report Permian (ca. 272 Ma ±5.4 Ma) felsic dykes that intrude into the Neoproterozoic (ca. 750 Ma) magmatic suite of the Nagar Parkar Igneous Complex (NPIC), the western extension of the Malani Igneous Suite (MIS). The NPIC consists of Neoproterozoic basement amphibolites and granites (riebeckite–aegirine gray granites and the biotite–hornblende pink granites), all of which are intruded by several generations of mafic and felsic dykes. Granitic magmatism occurred in the Late Neoproterozoic (ca. 750 Ma) due to the subduction‐, followed by the rift‐related tectonic regime during the breakup of the Rodinia supercontinent. U–Th–Pb zircon and monazite CHIME age data of 700–800 Ma from the earlier generation porphyritic felsic dykes suggest the dyke intrusion was coeval or soon after the emplacement of the host granites. Our findings of Permian age orthophyric felsic dykes provide new insights for the prevalence of active tectonics in the MIS during late Paleozoic. Textural features and geochemistry also make the orthophyric dykes distinct from the early‐formed porphyritic dykes and the host granites. Our newly obtained age data combined with geochemistry, suggest the existence of magmatism along the western margin of India (peri‐Gondwana margin) during Permian. Like elsewhere in the region, the Permian magmatism in the NPIC could be associated with the rifting of the Cimmerian micro‐continents from the Gondwana.     

Baddeleyite and zircon U-Pb ages of the ultramafic rocks in Chigu Tso area,Southeastern Tibet and their constraints on the timing of Comei Large Igneous Province

A suite of ultramafic and mafic rocks developed in the Chigu Tso area, eastern Tethyan Himalaya. Baddeleyite and zircon U-Pb ages acquired by SIMS and LA-ICP-MS from olivine pyroxenite rocks in the Chigu Tso area are 138.9±3.0 Ma and 139.0±1.9 Ma, respectively. These two Early Cretaceous ages are similar with the ages of the more abundant mafic rocks in the eastern Tethyan Himalaya, indicating that this suite of ultramafic and mafic rocks in the Chigu Tso area should be included in the outcrop area of the Comei Large Igneous Province (LIP). These ultramafic rocks provide significant evidence that the involvement of mantle plume/hot spot activities in the formation of the Comei LIP. Baddeleyite U-Pb dating by SIMS is one reliable and convenient method to constrain the formation time of ultramafic rocks. The dating results of baddeleyite and zircon from the olivine pyroxenite samples in this paper are consistent with each other within analytical uncertainties, suggesting that baddeleyite and zircon were both formed during the same magmatic process. The consistency of baddeleyite U-Pb ages in the Chigu Tso area with zircon U-Pb ages for a large number of Early Cretaceous mafic rocks in the eastern Tethyan Himalaya further support that zircon grains from such mafic rocks yielding Early Cretaceous ages are also magmatic in origin.     

层状岩体的成因及成矿作用

层状岩体的典型特征是其具有层状构造和韵律结构。层状镁铁质岩体不仅是研究岩浆分异演化过程和地壳混染作用的最佳天然实验室,其中还广泛赋存重要的稀有金属和贱金属矿床。文中主要总结了不同类型层状岩体形成的构造背景、基本特征、母岩浆特征和韵律层理成因,以及岩浆混合和地壳混染在岩浆演化过程中起到的重要作用。文中还介绍了层状岩体中典型矿床的成矿作用与岩浆演化过程的成因联系。     

Gas charging history of the Yingcheng Formation igneous reservoir in the Xujiaweizi Rift, Songliao Basin, China

Systematic analysis of fluid inclusions was carried out on 34 samples from the Yingcheng Formation igneous reservoir of the Xujiaweizi rift, Songliao Basin, China. On the basis of petrographic characterization, the results of the microthermometric analyses indicated that the Yingcheng Formation igneous reservoir trapped six clusters of pure aqueous inclusions, and only four of them have the coeval gas-bearing aqueous inclusions been detected in the analyses. So the Yingcheng Formation igneous reservoir experienced four gas charging events during its evolutionary history. Combined with the research results of burial history and cap rocks, the four gas charging events happened during the time interval from 120 to 85 Ma, and every charging time is no more than 10 Ma. The main gas charging is the third, which happened during the time interval from 105 to 95 Ma.     

Evolution of a post-batholith dike swarm in central coastal Queensland, Australia: arc-front to backarc?

A swarm of felsic and mafic dikes cuts a Late Carboniferous–Permian batholith called the Urannah Suite in central coastal Queensland. Late Permian–Triassic westward thrusting (Hunter–Bowen Orogeny) exposed this mid-crustal Suite and the crosscutting dikes, thus enabling examination of dikes that range in age from syn- to post-batholithic. Although both mafic and felsic dikes have the same dominant northerly strike, field, geochronologic and geochemical examination reveal that the swarm is composite; felsic dikes are older (285 Ma) and geochemically and isotopically distinct from mafic dikes (273–229 Ma). Dike compositions are compared to those of the host plutonic rocks, and to volcanic rocks the same age as the dikes. Whereas the felsic (older) dikes are compositionally similar to their host granites (initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr>0.7045), the mafic (younger) dikes are isotopically (Sr, Nd, Pb) less radiogenic. Moreover, several different types of mafic dikes are evident based on geochemistry; most of these have mixed characteristics in terms of tectonic classification. All but two dikes of basalt and basaltic andesite composition classify as ‘with-in plate' on Ti–Zr–Y tectonic classification plots. Many of the basalts have high TiO₂ contents (1.5–3.0 wt.%). Most of these have REE and spider diagram patterns like calc-alkaline tholeiites, the exceptions being a few alkali basalts recognized by their alkali content, and high Ti, Ce, Nb and Zr contents. When put into the context of all plutonic rocks in the area (late Paleozoic and Mesozoic), these dikes record a transition at 280 Ma, after which time, all magmatism in the region is less isotopically evolved (initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr=0.7033–0.7044). A model of slab retreat and hinge movement to the east in the latest Permian explains the change of geochemical signature from arc-front to backarc at about 280 Ma.     

层状侵入体及其韵律层成因

层状侵入体以其独特的韵律结构记录了岩浆的演化分异过程。围绕韵律层理的成因 ,不同学者提出了很多成层机制 ,归纳起来大体有两类 :一类与岩浆流动和动力成层有关 ,包括流动分异、对流成层、化学成因等 ;另一类为非动力成层机制 ,主要有火成堆积、重力分异、压实作用和固化收缩等观点。影响韵律形成的因素很多 ,通常包括岩浆成分、对流作用、扩散作用、热梯度、氧逸度、温度和压力等。在评述这些成层机制和影响因素的基础上 ,结合攀枝花层状侵入体的特点 ,认为该岩体的韵律结构是在岩浆的固化收缩和压实作用下 ,晶体定向生长和自组织排列的结果 ,是二元 (辉石 ,斜长石 )、固 (岩石 )—液 (岩浆 )相转变系统中动量、能量和物种质量的复杂耦合所形成的分形自组织现象。对层状侵入体的进一步研究应集中在加强实验 (尤其是高温高压实验 )、引入非线性分析以及与成矿研究相结合等方面。     

熔积岩及其对中国几处关键构造事件的限定

熔积岩是岩浆物质(岩浆侵入体、熔岩流、热火山碎屑流)与未固结的湿冷沉积物发生同生混合的产物,以浆源(岩浆凝固裂解的浆源碎屑)-沉积物源(宿主沉积物)的二元组分为典型特征。熔积岩独特的熔积结构与其成因机制密切相关,也是鉴定熔积岩的主要依据。根据浆源碎屑的形态,熔积岩主要分为块状(多数浆屑呈多边形状)和流态(多数浆屑具曲面外形)两种类型,并分别对应着不同的熔积作用机制。块状熔积岩主要产生于淬冷、自碎裂、水汽岩浆爆发、岩浆内溢气爆发等机制,而流态熔积岩的形成则得益于岩浆表面稳定蒸汽膜的维持使岩浆碎屑缓慢凝固、免于骤冷。沉积物的流体化是熔积作用得以发生的必要条件,流体化的沉积物为岩浆的驱入腾挪空间并形成对流,因此,固结成岩的沉积岩无法与岩浆物质相互熔积。熔积岩具有重要的地质意义:精确限定岩浆活动与沉积作用的同生等时性,以及利用宿主沉积物的沉积环境精确限定火山活动时的地质背景。近年来我们在国内多处发现典型的熔积岩,并应用于中国关键大地构造问题的研究中。在中亚造山带西准噶尔晚古生代火山-沉积地层中发现熔积岩,据此限定了达拉布特—白碱滩蛇绿岩带两侧上古生界的连续性,推断达拉布特—白碱滩蛇绿岩带不是典型的板块俯冲边界的缝合带,西准噶尔晚古生代是渐浅充填的残余洋盆系统。我们还首次在大火成岩省中识别出熔积岩,如在峨眉山大火成岩省中央带下部火山碎屑层序中发现以灰岩和以橙玄玻璃角砾凝灰岩为宿主沉积的熔积岩,表明中央带早期处于海相环境,从而判定火山喷发之前不具有因地幔柱上涌而诱发的大规模地表抬升效应。在塔里木大火成岩省印干剖面中发现的熔积岩以灰质宿主,证明喷发早期并非完全为陆上环境,塔里木大火成岩省喷发期间(二叠纪早期)海进和海退频繁交替。