电离层对流和极光区电集流的地磁链观测

本文采用31个高纬地磁台站资料考察1997年5月15日一次中等磁暴期间极光区电集流和电离层对流的空间分布和时间变化;其中20站处于纬度60°N～80°N之间的西半球,而另11站是偶极磁经度约为120°E的欧洲IMAGE地磁站链.对此纬度链和经度链上各站1-min精度地磁资料的综合分析结果表明,极光区电集流中心的相对强度及其纬度位置是随世界时和地方时区不断变化的.电集流中心所处位置的变化可能是其中心的南北移动造成的,也可能是中心带与磁纬圈间的相互倾斜所致.另一方面,电离层对流形态和晨昏对流圈的经向跨度及其两端的位置是基本不变的.有关结论得到同期的非相干散射雷达EISCAT观测的证实和补充.     

磺厂雄磺矿床地质特征及找矿方向

磺厂雄磺矿有千余年开采历史,是我国目前最大的雄磺-雌磺砷矿床。矿体赋存古岩溶漏斗(垂直溶管)内。矿石类型分块状矿石、角砾状矿石及浸染状矿石三种。矿体(化)与岩溶角砾岩、次生硅质岩关系密切。矿床成因属“岩溶漏斗低温热液充填(交代)型”矿床。并探讨了找矿方向。     

极区电离层闪烁指数和对流速度关系的建模研究

电离层对流速度会显著影响电离层闪烁的发生,尤其是在具有较大对流速度的高纬极区,且其对相位闪烁指数和幅度闪烁指数影响各不相同.本文基于弱散射条件下电离层闪烁理论,初步构建了极区电离层闪烁指数与对流速度的显式关系模型,模型结果表明当相位谱指数取定值3时,相位闪烁指数和幅度闪烁指数的比值与对流速度存在线性关系;进而,利用加拿大Hall Beach台站的观测数据,验证了由电离层闪烁指数比值推断电离层对流速度这一方法在极区的适用性.这不仅提升我们对电离层闪烁机理的认识,也提供了一种获取极区电离层对流速度的新途径,将有助于改善和提高我国北斗全球导航系统的服务精度.

     

A new conceptual model for whole mantle convection and the origin of hotspot plumes

A new conceptual model of mantle convection is constructed for consideration of the origin of hotspot plumes, using recent evidence from seismology, high-pressure experiments, geodynamic modeling, geoid inversion studies, and post-glacial rebound analyses. This conceptual model delivers several key points. Firstly, some of the small-scale mantle upwellings observed as hotspots on the Earth's surface originate at the base of the mantle transition zone (MTZ), in which the Archean granitic continental material crust (TTG; tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite) with abundant radiogenic elements is accumulated. Secondly, the TTG crust and the subducted oceanic crust that have accumulated at the base of MTZ could act as thermal or mechanical insulators, leading to the formation of a hot and less viscous layer just beneath the MTZ; which may enhance the instability of plume generation at the base of the MTZ. Thirdly, the origin of some hotspot plumes is isolated from the large low shear-wave velocity provinces (LLSVPs) under Africa and the South Pacific. I consider that the conceptual model explains why almost all the hotspots around Africa are located above the margins of the African LLSVP. Because a planetary-scale trench system surrounding a “Pangean cell” has been spatially stable throughout the Phanerozoic, a large amount of the oceanic crustal layer is likely to be trapped in the MTZ under the Pangean cell. Therefore, under Africa, almost all of the hotspot plumes originate from the base of the MTZ, where a large amount of TTG and/or oceanic crusts has accumulated. This conceptual model may explain the fact that almost all the hotspots around Africa are located on margins above the African LLSVP. It is also considered that some of the hotspot plumes under the South Pacific thread through the TTG/oceanic crusts accumulated around the bottom of the MTZ, and some have their roots in the South Pacific LLSVP while others originate from the MTZ. The numerical simulations of mantle convection also speculate that the Earth's mantle convection is not thermally double-layered at the ringwoodite to perovskite + magnesiowüstite (Rw → Pv + Mw) phase boundary, because of its gentle negative Clapeyron slope. This is in contrast with some traditional images of mantle convection that have independent convection cells between the upper and lower mantle. These numerical studies speculate that the generation of stagnant slab at the base of the MTZ (as seismically observed globally) may not be due to the negative Clapeyron slope, and may instead be related to a viscosity increase (i.e., a viscosity jump) at the Rw → Pv + Mw phase boundary, or to a chemically stratified boundary between the upper and the lower mantle, as suggested by a recent high-pressure experiment.     

热带大气季节内振荡的传播及影响因子研究

通过观测资料的分析,对热带大气季节内振荡(ISO)的传播(移动)进行了深入系统的研究,揭示了热带大气ISO的纬向和经向移动的特征,以及热带大气低频动能的跨赤道传播特征.同时,通过对比分析还揭示了ENSO和热带对流加热场异常对热带大气ISO移动的影响.     

古代与现代火山成因块状硫化物矿床研究进展

    火山成因块状硫化物（VolcanogenicMas siveSulfide,简称VMS）矿床可见于前寒武纪至现代的各个地质时代。现代海底热液成矿作用为研究VMS矿床提供了一种新的途径,DSDP／ODP钻探资料揭示：①VMS矿床虽然可产生于不同环境,但均与张裂断陷有关。②成矿物质可能来源有 2种：一种是含矿火山岩系及下伏基底物质的淋滤;另一种是深部岩浆房挥发份的直接释放。③洋中脊海底热液循环呈双扩散对流模式。在有沉积物覆盖的洋中脊,热液循环更多地考虑流体与沉积物相互作用产生的效果。④从矿物组合的空间分布来看,热液硫化物堆积体上部以烟囱体为主,下部以块状硫化物为主,深部以网脉状硫化物为主,这在不同热液活动区似乎具有普遍性。
    VMS矿床的矿化模式反映的是一种热液成因,这种热液是深部（1～3 km）岩浆侵入所引起并通过海水在热穹隆之上循环产生的。VMS矿床的深入研究要求我们致力于发现新的矿产地,提高样品采集、分析技术,加强海底热液活动与构造、岩浆作用和环境演变的一体化研究。     

冰雹过程中闪电演变和雷达回波特征的综合分析

应用闪电定位网的资料和多普勒雷达资料,分析西北地区的降雹过程,详细讨论了2004年5月15日发生在兰州皋兰的一次降雹雷雨云的闪电演变、雷达回波特征和云特定参数之间的相互关系,对此雷雨云的闪电机制和电结构进行了分析推断。在皋兰产生降雹的个例分析表明,云中液态水含量是否出现高值区,是识别降雹开始的重要因子。在雷雨云移动路径上,总闪和云闪为线状分布,地闪集中分布在降雹区,云闪最多,地闪中绝大多数为负闪。综合计算降雹时段云参数分析表明,云中降水率和含水量对产生闪电相对敏感,推断这次雷雨云的电结构可能属于上正下负的偶极子型。     

地震波速度约束的大横向黏度变化的地幔对流研究

本文将横向黏度变化提高到3个量级,获得了地震波速度结构约束下的大横向黏度变化的地幔浅部的极型场和环型场对流图像.与小横向黏度变化下的结果相比,本文的结果具有显著的改善.对极型场对流图像,主要体现在本文结果能更清楚地解释太平洋板块、大洋洲和南美洲以及东太平洋洋中脊处的现今运动状态;对环型场对流图像,能更合理地解释北太平洋板块的右旋运动.本文计算的极型场、环型场对流速率以及揭示的某些区域如欧亚大陆和非洲大陆的运动状态与现今地表板块的运动速率以及欧亚板块和非洲板块的运动状态有明显差异,但相比小横向黏度变化下的结果,有助于更好地认识和理解现今地表板块运动的深部动力学过程.     

对"地幔对流"的几点质疑

地幔对流被认为是板块运动的驱动力源，但板块说提出35年来，始终未能阐明地幔对流是如何推动板块运动的，也未能证明地幔对流的存在。相反，却有观测与实物证据证明地幔对流并不存在。对地幔对流提出的质疑与剖析，将有助于地球动力学研究思路的扩展。     

Probing solar convection

In the solar convection zone, acoustic waves are scattered by turbulent sound speed fluctuations. In this paper the scattering of waves by convective cells is treated using Rytov's technique. Particular care is taken to include diffraction effects, which are important, especially for high-degree modes that are confined to the surface layers of the Sun. The scattering leads to damping of the waves and causes a phase shift. Damping manifests itself in the width of the spectral peak of p-mode eigenfrequencies. The contribution of scattering to the linewidths is estimated and the sensitivity of the results to the assumed spectrum of the turbulence is studied. Finally, the theoretical predictions are compared with recently measured linewidths of high-degree modes.