Reduction of Ammonia and Hydrogen Sulfide Emission from Swine Manure Using Aqueous Foams Amended with Microorganisms and Chemical Additives

Aqueous foam, in combination with microorganisms and chemical additives, was tested for the reduction of the emissions of odorous compounds from swine manure. Ammonia and hydrogen sulfide were selected as test compounds. Aqueous foam decreased the ammonia and hydrogen sulfide emissions by about 33.2 and 66.2%, respectively, after application for 1,800 min. With the application of aqueous foam, amended with 1% of monocalcium phosphate or Yucca extracts, about 81.4 and 51.6%, respectively, of the ammonia emissions were suppressed over the same time period. However, the chemical additives were found to be ineffective in the suppression of hydrogen sulfide. Finally, the aqueous foam, containing microorganisms and the two chemical additives, attained about 88.3 and 70% ammonia and hydrogen sulfide emissions suppression, respectively. The data show that the aqueous foam was effective in the control ammonia and hydrogen sulfide emissions, and the suppression capacity can be markedly enhanced by the addition of appropriate microorganisms and chemical additives.     

Identification of sources and groundwater recharge zones from hydrochemistry and stable isotopes of an agriculture-based paleo-lacustrine basin of drought-prone northeast Mexico

Over exploitation for agricultural activities and consumption has depleted the groundwater resources of drought-prone northeast Mexico. Major ion concentrations along with δ¹⁸O_H2O, δ²H_H2O and d-excess values of shallow groundwater from the Cieneguilla Basin (near Tula) located at a distance of ∼200 km from coast of the Gulf of Mexico helped to contribute new data about drought vulnerability in this region through identification of the moisture source and groundwater recharge zone. Different degrees of rock-water interaction through gypsum, anhydrite and halite dissolutions and minor silicate weathering controlled the hydrochemistry. Stable isotopes yielded a least square regression and slope similar to the local as well as global meteoric water lines, indicating minimal effect of evaporation during the recharge as well as in the subsoil. Isotopic fractionations along with a digital elevation model demarcated the recharge zones at north and east of the basin, with altitudinal difference of ≥1000 m, and indicated that the recharge occurred through warm season moisture sourced from the Gulf of Mexico. Less frequent landfalling of tropical storms caused by warmer sea surface temperature, however, has reduced this rainfall over the last few decades. If the trend of global warming continues unabated, the depleted groundwater resources would trigger reduction in agricultural activities in this drought-prone region and lead to enhanced socio-economic challenges.     

内蒙古西拉沐伦成矿带羊场石英脉型钼矿床成矿流体地球化学特征研究

内蒙古羊场钼矿床产于华北克拉通北缘西拉沐伦钼多金属成矿带内,矿体主要以石英脉形式产于燕山期黑云母二长花岗岩内,受NW、NNW向断裂构造控制。成矿过程包括石英大脉阶段(Ⅰ)、石英-黄铁矿亚阶段(Ⅱ-1)、石英-黄铁矿-辉钼矿-黄铜矿-方铅矿-闪锌矿亚阶段(Ⅱ-2)、碳酸岩化阶段(Ⅲ)。流体包裹体研究发现,按照气相比不同可将包裹体分为WL型(<50%)、WV型(50%～90%)、G型(100%)。Ⅰ、Ⅱ-1、Ⅱ-2阶段包裹体均一温度分别为173～280℃、180～467℃、151～366℃,不具有继承演化关系,可能是成矿作用过程中加入有岩浆热液的结果;盐度分别为4.03%～10.61%NaCleqv、2.07%～10.36%NaCleqv和2.41%～9.98%NaCleqv。各阶段流体成分均以H2O为主(>94.39mol%),含少量挥发份CO2、N2、CH4、C2H6、Ar、H2S等还原性气体,阳离子以Na+为主,阴离子以HS-、Cl-为主,属含少量CO2的NaCl-H2O体系;各阶段石英氢、氧同位素δ18OH2O介于-0.08‰～1.90‰、δD介于-119.66‰～-98.79‰。上述特征说明该矿床的成矿流体是岩浆热液与古大气降水混合而成。不同来源、不同性质的流体混合作用是造成羊场辉钼矿沉淀成矿的主要原因。     

Hydrochemistry of the Gasikule Salt Lake,Western Qaidam Basin of China

正The Qaidam Basin is a large intermontane depression in Qinghai Province,China,which located on the northern margin of the Tibet plateau,and surrounded by the Qilian,Kunlun and Aljun mountains which rise to more than 5000m.Some 27 salt lakes occur within the basin,occupying an area of approximately 1500 km2.Additionally,there are extensive areas of dry playas.Together,the playas and salt lakes cover about one quarter of the total basin area.Whereas the western     

Geochemistry and genesis of magmatic PGE-bearing Cu-Ni sulphide deposit in Wadi Bayhan，southeastern Yemen

The Wadi Bayhan mafic-ultramafic intrusions associated with magmatic PGE-bearing Cu-Ni sulphide deposit are located in the south margin of the Arabian-Nubian Shield,SW Yemen.The intrusions consist of dunite,olivine-pyroxenite,lherzolite,hornblendite,gabbro and gabbronorite.The dunite and lherzolite are the main host rock for the Cu-Ni ores.The new data of the chemical compositions of the rocks have SiO2(50%-53.6%),Al2O3(0-32%) and MgO(4%-28%),and relatively low TiO2(0-3.2%) and K2O+Na2O(0.04%-5.2%).The geochemical characteristics indicate that the parental magma is high-magnesium tholeiitic.Sulfur had reached saturation and immiscible sulfides droplets segregated from silicate magmas before their emplacement.     

胶东石城金矿床成矿流体特征及成矿作用

石城金矿位于胶东牟平-乳山成矿带南端,为多金属硫化物型金矿床。其成矿流体阶段可分为3个,相应的流体包裹体特征为:(1)成矿早期(第1阶段)富CO2包裹体;(2)主成矿期(第2阶段)H2O包裹体和含CO2包裹体;(3)成矿后期(第3阶段)H2O包裹体。第1阶段均一温度为256～360℃,盐度3.71%～6.88%NaCl,第2阶段均一温度为168～270℃,盐度4.49%～10.24%NaCl,第3阶段均一温度为123～178℃,盐度0.35%～7.59%NaCl。其中主成矿期为中低温、低盐度的CO2-H2O-NaCl流体体系。H、O同位素表明石城金矿成矿流体为岩浆水与大气水形成的混合热液,C、O同位素则反映了地幔富CO2流体参与了成矿作用,而S同位素进一步揭示了金矿的成矿物质来源为壳幔相互作用的结果。石城金矿的出现表明研究区至少存在两期成矿事件,早期成矿时代约120Ma,主要为石英+黄铁矿型矿石,晚期成矿时代小于111Ma,主要为多金属硫化物型矿石,以石城金矿为代表。     

Formation Mechanism and Controlling Factors of Natural Gas Reservoirs of the Jialingjiang Formation in the East Sichuan Basin

The Lower Triassic Jialingjiang Formation reservoirs are distributed widely in the East Sichuan Basin, which are composed mainly of fractured reservoirs. However, natural gas with high concentration of H2S, ranging from 4% to 7%, was discovered in the Wolonghe Gas pool consisting primarily of porous reservoirs, while the other over 20 fractured gas reservoirs have comparatively low, tiny and even no H2S within natural gases. Researches have proved the H2S of the above reservoirs are all from the TSR origin. Most of the Jialingjiang Formation natural gases are mainly generated from Lower Permian carbonate rocks, the Wolonghe gas pool＇s natural gases are from the Upper Permian Longtan Formation, and the natural gases of the Huangcaoxia and Fuchengzhai gas pools are all from Lower Silurian mudstone. The formation of H2S is controlled by the characteristics and temperature of reservoirs, and is not necessarily related with gas sources. The Jialingjiang Formation in East Sichuan is buried deeply and its reservoir temperature has ever attained the condition of the TSR reaction. Due to poor reservoir potential, most of the gas pools do not have enough room for hydrocarbon reaction except for the Wolonghe gas pool, and thus natural gases with high H2S concentration are difficult to be generated abundantly. The south part of East Sichuan did not generate natural gases with high H2S concentration because the reservoir was buried relatively shallow, and did not suffer high temperature. Hence, while predicting the distribution of H2S, the characteristics and temperature of reservoirs are the necessary factors to be considerd besides the existence of anhydrite.     

挪威块状硫化物矿床中单斜与六方磁黄铁矿的交生及其成因

矿石的镜下结构研究进一步确证，挪威加里东造山带块状硫化物矿床中的磁黄铁矿绝大部分是沉积－成岩作用的直接产物，并在其形成之后经历了多期次的变形和退火，还有一部分磁失矿是在退变质阶段形成的，或者是由变质热液形成的。这次研究中未发现由黄铁矿变质而成的磁黄铁矿     

南极GRV 99027火星陨石的地球化学特征

南极GRV 99027陨石是二辉橄榄岩质辉玻无球粒陨石(L-S)的火星陨石,具有嵌晶、非嵌晶和冲击熔融袋结构。矿物模式组成以橄榄石(55%)、辉石(37.5%)为主,有少量熔长石(6%)、铬铁矿(1.5%)以及微量白磷钙石、陨硫铁等。本文在阐述该陨石的岩石学和矿物化学特征的基础上进一步研究了稀土元素及氢同位素的地球化学特征。该陨石∑REE总量低;橄榄石及辉石以HREE富集为特征;熔长石富LREE,且具高正的δEu;副矿物白磷钙矿含量虽少(约0.2%),但具有极高的∑REE,LREE≈HREE,δEu负异常明显。GRV99027全岩稀土元素分配模式与L-S陨石的模式十分相似,而与SNC其它类型陨石的REE分配模式不同,反映不同类型火星陨石物质源区不同。火星陨石氢同位素以高δD为特征,各类含水矿物对陨石δD的贡献不同。陨石磷酸盐矿物中δD-水含量间一般没有正相关性,间或存有弱的负相关性。根据GRV99027陨石的矿物学模式,REE分配模式,及氢同位素特征,可以确定GRV99027陨石为L-S陨石。为了探讨GRV99027陨石的物质源区及演化历史,我们广泛收集了L-S火星陨石的Sr,Nd,Pb,Os和稀有气体同位素...