Coupling relationship between reservoir diagenesis and hydrocarbon accumulation in Lower Cretaceous Yingcheng Formation of Dongling,Changling fault depression,Songliao Basin,Northeast China

The Lower Cretaceous Yingcheng Formation in the southern Songliao Basin is the typical tight oil sandstone in China. In order to better predict the petrophysical properties of the tight sandstone reservoirs in the Lower Cretaceous Yingcheng Formation, Songliao Basin, Northeast China, the diagenesis and porosity evolution was investigated using a suite of petrographic and geochemical techniques including thin section analysis, scanning electron microscopy, mercury intrusion and fluid inclusion analysis, on a set of selected tight sandstone samples. Combined with the histories of burial evolution, organic matter thermal evolution and hydrocarbon charge, the matching relationship between reservoir porosity evolution and hydrocarbon accumulation history is analyzed. The result showed that the tight sandstone reservoirs characterized of being controlled by deposition, predominated by compaction, improved by dissolution and enhanced by cementation. The hydrocarbon accumulation period was investigated using a suite of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion history, microfluorescence determination and temperature measurement technology. According to the homogenization temperature of the inclusions and the history of burial evolution, Yingcheng Formation has mainly two phases hydrocarbon accumulation. The first phase of oil and gas is charged before the reservoir is tightened, the oil and gas generated by Shahezi source rocks enter the sand body of Yingcheng Formation, influenced by the carrying capability of sand conducting layer, oil and gas is mainly conducted by the better properties and higher connectivity sand body and enriched in the east, which belongs to the type of densification after hydrocarbon accumulation. The second phase of oil and gas charge after densification, which belongs to the type of densification before the hydrocarbon accumulation.     

塔里木盆地满西地区海相油气成藏规律

满西地区是塔里木盆地海相油气藏的主要富集区之一,侧向运移是该区油气成藏的一个重要特征。该区油气藏的形成和分布主要受控干古隆起背景、东河砂岩优质输导层的展布以及中一新生代(尤其是晚喜马拉雅期)构造变动等三大因素。古隆起背景的存在是该区油气藏形成和富集的关键。研究表明,哈得逊古隆起及其斜坡上倾部位是满西地区油气聚集成藏的最有利地区,石炭系东河砂岩是油气富集的主要层位,东河砂岩地层圈闭和地层一构造复合型圈闭是油气藏形成的主要类型。认为满西地区大中型油气田的勘探应以哈得逊古隆起及其西斜坡为重点。     

Coastal pollution hazards in southern California observed by SAR imagery: stormwater plumes, wastewater plumes, and natural hydrocarbon seeps

Stormwater runoff plumes, municipal wastewater plumes, and natural hydrocarbon seeps are important pollution hazards for the heavily populated Southern California Bight (SCB). Due to their small size, dynamic and episodic nature, these hazards are difficult to sample adequately using traditional in situ oceanographic methods. Complex coastal circulation and persistent cloud cover can further complicate detection and monitoring of these hazards. We use imagery from space-borne synthetic aperture radar (SAR), complemented by field measurements, to examine these hazards in the SCB. The hazards are detectable in SAR imagery because they deposit surfactants on the sea surface, smoothing capillary and small gravity waves to produce areas of reduced backscatter compared with the surrounding ocean. We suggest that high-resolution SAR, which obtains useful data regardless of darkness or cloud cover, could be an important observational tool for assessment and monitoring of coastal marine pollution hazards in the SCB and other urbanized coastal regions.     

Stratigraphic and regional distribution of fractures in Barremian–Aptian carbonate rocks of Eastern Oman: outcrop data and their extrapolation to Interior Oman hydrocarbon reservoirs

The carbonates of the Barremian to Aptian Qishn Formation are outcrop equivalents to major hydrocarbon reservoirs in the Middle East and in Oman specifically. The rocks are exposed in the Haushi–Huqf area of eastern Oman where they are affected by pervasive jointing and localized folding and faulting. Information gathered in the Huqf outcrops can be used to formulate predictions on fracture patterns in adjacent reservoirs. Systematic joints are confined to few meters-thick intervals of widely differing lithologies, which can be correlated over hundreds of square kilometers. Over the entire area, systematic joints are typically more than tens of meters long, have spacings of 4–18 cm and homogeneous morphologies. These joints are interpreted to be of Late Aptian age. The dominant set of joints strikes consistently NW–SE and developed parallel to the causative maximum horizontal compression S_H. The direction of compression is at an high angle to the two major tectonic domains of the region, the subsiding Oman Interior basins and the elevated Haushi-Huqf High. NW–SE compression is proposed to have caused crustal/lithospheric buckling and thereby to have controlled Jurassic to Early Tertiary patterns of vertical movements. In such a scenario, the direction of compression is predicted to be constant over the entire domain. It is thus expected that Qishn carbonates in the subsiding Oman Interior basins also experienced NW–SE compression and developed systematic joints similar to those observed in the Huqf region. In the Neogene, with the establishment of the Zagros stress field, the maximum horizontal compression became roughly N–S, thereby possibly leading to the closure of pre-existing joint systems.     

天然气水合物与传统油气资源共生成藏模式初探

天然气水合物与常规油气资源的成藏在时空上存在密切联系,在一定条件下可以共生成藏。存在泄漏共生、封盖共生和遮盖侧储三种基本的共生成藏模式。泄漏共生模式是先期形成了传统油气藏,而后由于发生油气泄漏并在其上方形成天然气水合物,其特征是在水合物的下方生、储、盖齐备;封盖共生模式则是先在上部形成天然气水合物,同时作为下部传统油气藏的盖层,其特征是水合物之下的传统油气藏具备生、储成藏条件,但缺乏盖层成藏要素;遮盖侧储模式是由于水合物矿藏的遮盖作用,迫使在下部形成的烃类物质向上运移时改道,在旁侧具成藏条件的邻区成藏。实际的地质成藏可能会出现这些基本模式的组合形式。     

遥感技术在南盘江地区油气烃类检测中的应用

应用陆地卫星 TM 资料对南盘江地区进行了烃类微渗漏蚀变信息检测研究。岩石土壤地球化学特征分析表明,该区不同程度地存在着“褪红”、“粘土矿化”、“碳酸盐矿化”等烃类蚀变异常现象。选择 FeO/Fe_2O_3作为褪红的成分因子;(K_2O+Na_2O+Al_2O_3)、(K_2O+Na_2O)/Al_2O_3、(K_2O+Na_2O+Al_2O_3)/S∶O_2和 K_2O/Na_2O 等作为粘土矿化的成分因子;CaO+MgO 和 CaO/MgO 作为碳酸盐矿化的成分因子。利用 TM1/TM3、TM1/TM4识别褪红蚀变信息,TM5/TM7、TM5/TM4用干识别粘土矿化和碳酸盐矿化蚀变信息。建立了地球化学—光谱—遥感图像三位一体的遥感找油气模式,根据油气遥感色调异常对南盘江地区进行了评价和分类。     

深层气理论分析和深层气潜势研究

近年来的一些文献表述深层气时在"深层"和"深部"名词概念上容易造成不必要的费解。就沉积层而言,宜将生油主带（生油窗）作为"深"的界限,从此界限开始到基底以上地层范围的天然气统统称为"深层气";就整个地球而言,宜将沉积层结晶基底和该基底以下的天然气统统称为"深部气"。当然,还应更多地注意来源于深部"深生浅储"的"深层气"。深层气的形成与地壳烃类形成的垂直分带性有关。在一定的历史时期和一定的沉积盆地油气形成分带性理论对勘探实践发挥了一定的指导作用,随着油气地质科研和勘探实践的发展,人们逐渐发现了油气形成分带性理论中油相消失和气相生成带开始门限指标的局限性。不同盆地有不同深度的生油主带,因而也有不同深度范围生气主带（干气带）。腐泥型有机质的演化需要更高的活化能,而需更高的温度和更大的深度,其生气主带深于腐殖型有机质源岩层的位置。生气主带有机质演化受多种因素控制,其中温度、深度和时间是重要因素,引起深层温度升高的条件有地球动力和深部热流等。古生界以前的重大生物地质事件为深层气形成准备了有机质及其演化条件,从物质基础上讲,深层气有巨大的资源潜势。油气形成的地球动力学观点及其他新观点为研究深层气提供了新的思路,岩石圈的烃类资源远未枯竭,被发现和开采的资源仅是其中的一部分,更多的需在深部去发掘。     

晋东南山西组主煤层热演化生烃史及热源分析

以晋城矿区山西组主煤层为代表,利用时间-温度指示法、有机质变质程度法、挥发分产率法对该煤层煤化作用历史进行了定量分析,指出其埋藏历史经历了4个发展阶段:(1)P₁-T₃的快速沉降阶段,平均沉降速度达94m/Ma;(2)J₁的逐渐抬升阶段,抬升幅度大于750m;(3)J₂的缓慢沉降阶段,平均沉降速率为10m/Ma;(4)J₃-现代的再次回返阶段。主煤层热演化主要发生在埋藏历史的第1阶段和第4阶段的J₃-K时期,前者为深成变质作用,主要生成湿气且难于保存;后者为异常高热古地温场所致,促使主煤层出现二次生烃作用,为裂解气阶段,主要生成干气,易于保存。最后指出晚中生代异常高温古地温场是由于上地幔顶界面隆起、地壳变薄、岩浆作用加剧、热流值增高所致。而上地幔顶界面的隆起则与幔柱构造中的热幔柱上涌辐射有关。     

油气运移研究新进展

综述了油气运移研究的新进展，其主要表现在以下几个方面:1)初次运移研究;2)运移量和运移时间;3)流体三势分析;4)油气形成运移的数学模拟;5)流体封存箱和油气运移
聚集;6)成岩作用体来与油气运移关系的研究。     

Seep mounds on the Southern Vøring Plateau (offshore Norway)

Multidisciplinary study of seep-related structures on Southern Vøring Plateau has been performed during several UNESCO/IOC TTR cruises on R/V Professor Logachev. High-resolution sidescan sonar and subbottom profiler data suggest that most of the studied fluid discharge structures have a positive relief at their central part surrounded by depression. Our data shows that the present day fluid activity is concentrated on the top of these “seep mounds”. Number of high hydrocarbon (HC) gas saturated sediment cores and 5 cores with gas hydrate presence have been recovered from these structures. δ¹³C of methane (between −68 and −94.6‰ VPDB) and dry composition of the gas points to its biogenic origin. The sulfate depletion generally occurs within the upper 30–200 cm bsf and usually coincides with an increase of methane concentration. Pore water δ¹⁸O ranges from 0.29 to 1.14‰ showing an overall gradual increase from bottom water values (δ¹⁸O ∼ 0.35‰). Although no obvious evidence of fluid seepage was observed during the TV surveys, coring data revealed a broad distribution of living Pogonophora and bacterial colonies on sea bottom inside seep structures. These evidences point to ongoing fluid activity (continuous seepage of methane) through these structures. From other side, considerable number and variety of chemosynthetic macro fauna with complete absence of living species suggest that present day level of fluid activity is significantly lower than it was in past. Dead and subfossil fauna recovered from various seep sites consist of solemyid (Acharax sp.), thyasirid and vesicomyid (cf. Calyptogena sp.) bivalves belonging to chemosymbiotic families. Significant variations in δ¹³C (−31.6‰ to −59.2‰) and δ¹⁸O (0.42‰ and 6.4‰) of methane-derived carbonates collected from these structures most probably related to changes in gas composition and bottom water temperature between periods of their precipitation. This led us to ideas that: (1) seep activity on the Southern Vøring Plateau was started with large input of the deep thermogenic gas and gradually decries in time with increasing of biogenic constituent; (2) authigenic carbonate precipitation started at the near normal deep sea environments with bottom water temperature around +5 °C and continues with gradual cooling up to negative temperatures recording at present time.