Fractal characterization of the spatial distribution of geological point processes

Geological point processes can be used to model point patterns occurring frequently in a wide variety of geoscience fields, including the study of mineral deposits, oil producing wells, earthquakes, and landslides. Characterization of the spatial distribution of GPP has implications for understanding the properties of the underlying geological processes and events. Three examples of GPP dealing with (1) metallic mineral deposits, (2) oil producing wells, and (3) aftershocks of the Wenchuan earthquake (on 12 May 2008, magnitude 8.0) are presented to illustrate that (1) the spatial distribution of geological point processes generally shows clustering implying rejection of the Poisson model because L(r) > L_Pois(r); (2) the clustering statistics of the underlying geological processes are fractal; and (3) the size distribution of geological point processes is scale invariant. These results indicate existence of a fundamental law concerning the fractal nature of the point distributions generated by geological point processes.     

Mechanism and countermeasures of preceding tunnel distortion induced by succeeding EPBS tunnelling in close proximity

Twin tunnels are frequently used to address the increasing transportation demands in large cities. To ensure the safety of twin tunnels in close proximity, it is often necessary to take protective measures that have not been well studied. Field monitoring was conducted for a project of twin earth pressure balance shield (EPBS) tunnels in typical soft ground. The preceding tunnel was reinforced by various measures, including trailer bracing, compensation grouting, artificial freezing and scaffold bracing. The entire deformation of the reinforced tunnel was recorded during the succeeding tunnelling process. A three dimensional finite-element method (FEM) model was established to simulate the entire process of twin EPBS tunnelling, particularly the reinforcement measures. The computed deformations of the reinforced tunnel were consistent with the measured data. Furthermore, the stress history and pore pressure of the surrounding soil were analysed to investigate the deformation mechanism of the tunnel. Both the measured and computed results indicate that although the face pressure of the succeeding tunnel was smaller than the earth pressure at rest, the preceding tunnel could still experience an inward horizontal convergence and a deflection away from the succeeding tunnel. These distortion modes were caused by the squeezing effect of the horizontal soil arch in front of the succeeding tunnel face. Finally, convergence and deflection indices were proposed to quantify and assess the effectiveness of the reinforcement measures. The trailer bracing, as an “in-tunnel” reinforcement technique, was found to be the most effective method for controlling tunnel convergence. However, artificial freezing as an “out-tunnel” reinforcement technique led to the largest reductions in tunnel deflection. A combination of both “in-tunnel” and “out-tunnel” reinforcements was recommended.     

Accuracy assessment of GDEM,SRTM, and DLR-SRTM in Northeastern China

This paper compares the accuracy of Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) Global Digital Elevation Model (GDEM), Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) C-band and German Aerospace Centre (DLR)-SRTM X-band digital elevation models (DEMs) with the Ziyuan 3 (ZY-3) stereoscopic DEM and ground control points (GCPs). To date, the horizontal error of these DEMs has received little attention in accuracy assessments. Using the ZY-3 DEM as reference, this study examines (1) the horizontal offset between the three DEMs and the reference DEM using the normalised cross-correlation method, (2) the vertical accuracy of those DEMs using kinematic GPS data and (3) the relationship between the three DEMs and the reference ZY-3 DEM. The results show that the SRTM and DLR-SRTM have greater vertical accuracy after applying horizontal offset correction, whereas the vertical accuracy of the ASTER GDEM is less than the other two DEMs. These methods and results can be useful for researchers who use DEMs for various applications.     

基于精密测距方法监测基坑平面位移的探讨

随着城市建设的发展,高层建筑越来越多。在城市高层建筑建设过程中,开挖基坑问题凸显,基坑工程施工越来越多,开挖深度越来越深,开挖面积越来越大,使用周期越来越长,基坑周围及地下环境越来越复杂,地下各种管线复杂交错。为保证基础设施施工顺利进行,需要对施工过程中各类要素、各个环节进行必要的观测和控制,为业主及施工单位提供监测数据,协助其发现并预防安全事故的发生尤为必要。本文在简述基坑水平位移监测的作用和主要技术手段的基础上,重点介绍了一种采用精密距离测量方式对基坑平面位移进行监测的方法,并将该方法应用于工程中,说明此方法的实用性。     

Analysis on the Observation Data of Three Profiles across the Qilian Mountain-Haiyuan Fault Zone

By analyzing GPS, leveling and gravity observation data from the Minle, Huazangsi and Shagouhe profiles across the Qilian Mountain-Haiyuan fault during 2005～2009, the changes of these data and activity characteristics of the main faults in different time are obtained. The results show that the Changma-Erbo, Maomaoshan, Zhunglanghe and Haiyuan faults have been active in recent years. The relationship between the vertical displacement and mobile gravity data is analyzed, and the results reveal the gravity cha...     

考虑水平力作用的弹性地基梁位移及内力解析解

考虑水平力作用下弹性地基梁受力特点,针对Winkler地基模型不能考虑梁底面间与地基切向相互作用的不足,在地基与梁体接触面上引入一系列各自独立的水平弹簧。假定弹簧反力与梁底和地基间的切向相对位移成正比,根据弹性力学基本原理,结合小变形条件下梁体几何方程和线弹性本构关系,建立力学分析模型,导出基本微分方程组并利用微分算子级数法进行求解,获得了考虑水平力作用时地基梁位移及内力解析解。最后通过实例分析,验证了该解析解的正确性和合理性,并对切向地基反力系数等影响因素进行了探讨。其结果可为工程设计提供借鉴参考。     

近10年来中国大陆GPS水平运动与构造变形特征

利用1999-2009年中国大陆CPS水平运动速度场资料,对近10年来地壳水平运动及主要活动断裂带构造变形特征、昆仑山口西8.1级与汶川8.0级地震变形及其可能影响进行了分析.结果表明:①昆仑山口西与汶川地震同震变形显著,可能在一定程度上促进东昆仑构造带东段及甘川-甘川陕交界,鲜水河断裂带南段、安宁河断裂带中北段及与龙...     

水平井开采南海神狐海域天然气水合物数值模拟

2007年5月,南海北部神狐海域的实地钻探结果表明该区域海底存在大量天然气水合物,其作为未来我国潜在的可开发能源的调查和资源评价工作正在展开.本文以SH7站位的钻探、测井数据为基础,建立了实际水合物藏分层地质模型,主要包括上盖层、水合物层和下盖层,其中上下盖层均为可渗透的沉积物.本文利用新型的开采井设计方式,进行了单一...     

H024U井施工工艺及精确中靶技术措施

水平井H024U用于连通第一靶点直井V024和第二靶点直井V024U。在该井组施工过程中,采用了先进的对接井施工工艺与具有高技术含量和自主知识产权的高精度磁测中靶系统。结合土耳其贝帕扎里天然碱矿三期工程16口水平井的施工经验,精心设计和控制钻井参数,以最佳准确度成功命中第二靶点,实现了井组精确连通的目的。     

水平定向钻岩石层穿越套管安装工艺

在水平定向钻穿越长距离、复杂地质条件施工中,为保证穿越导向孔钻进工程的顺利进行,避免或减少钻杆在传递推力时在钻孔内产生“蛇行”弯曲、不能有效传递推力、钻进方向不易控制等不利因素,通常采用在钻机侧沿钻进方向的钻杆上加装部分套管技术。本文详细阐述了水平定向钻岩石层穿越套管安装的施工流程、安装技术措施,同时对套管的钻进、润滑、回抽等环节进行了分析,并对套管施工过程中安全注意事项提出了几点建议。