The 1669 eruption at Mount Etna: chronology,petrology and geochemistry,with inferences on the magma sources and ascent mechanisms

 Analysis of the petrochemical characters of the 1669 Etnean lavas shows that they can be grouped into two sets: SET1 lavas were erupted from 11 to 20 March and are more primitive in composition than SET2, erupted later until the end of activity. Both sets may be interpreted as the result of crystallization under different conditions of two primary magmas which are compositionally slightly distinct and which fractionate different volumetric proportions of minerals. To explain why more mafic lavas (SET1) were erupted earlier than more acid ones (SET2), we argue that new deeper magma rose up into a reservoir where residing magma was fractionating. Density calculations demonstrate that new magma is less dense and may originate a plume, rapidly rising through the residing magma which is cooler and more volatile-depleted than the new magma. Calculations of uprise velocity assuming laminar flow are consistent with this hypothesis. Received: 20 November 1995 / Accepted: 2 August 1996     

图们江地区水环境质量研究

图们江地区５条河流１８个断面水环境质量研究表明，本区地表水污染比较严重，大部分河流断面水质在Ⅳ、Ⅴ级水平，只有珲春河水质优于Ⅲ级，除布乐哈通河水质继续呈下降趋势外，其它河流污染水平基本得到了控制，河流污染物比较固定，主要是ＳＳ、ＣＯＤ、ＢＯＤ、ＡＲ－ＯＨ、Ｎ－ＮＨａ。     

Statistics of faint gamma-ray bursts from the GRIF experiment on the Mir orbiting station

During the GRIF experiment onboard the Mir orbiting station, cosmic gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) were observed in the photon energy range 10–300 keV. We developed a technique for selecting events, cosmic GRB candidates, based on output readings from the PX-2 scintillation spectrometer, the main astrophysical instrument. Six events interpreted as cosmic GRBs were identified at a threshold sensitivity level of ≥10^?7 erg cm^?2. The GRIF burst detection rate recalculated to all the sky is ～10³ yr^?1 (fluence ≥10^?7 erg cm^?2). This rate matches the BATSE/CGRO estimate and significantly differs from the value predicted by the S^?3/2 dependence, which holds for a spatially uniform source distribution. The GRB detection rate at low peak fluxes is compared with the results of analysis for BATSE/CGRO “nontriggered” events and with predictions of major cosmological models. We conclude that the PX-2 observational data on faint cosmic GRBs are consistent with predictions of models with the highest frequency of GRB occurrence at z ≥1.5–2.     

青藏高原热源异常对1999年东亚夏季风异常活动的影响

以1999年青藏高原的热源异常为出发点,讨论了其对东亚夏季风异常活动的影响,并从陆气相互作用的角度分析了该年热源异常的原因.结果表明,1999年青藏高原大气热源建立的时间明显偏晚,春夏季热源强度异常偏弱.这使得向高原的低层流入气流明显偏弱,垂直上升运动减弱,向高原的辐合减少,季风经圈环流变弱,高原南侧、东南侧的西南夏季风减弱,引起了夏季风的爆发偏晚及在中国东部北进的偏弱.而进一步对热源异常成因的分析表明,陆面因子的异常变化所引起的感热加热偏弱是热源偏弱的主要因子.高原积雪的减幅在春夏季变小,地表温度的增加变慢,地表温度偏低,引起了感热加热在春夏季的偏弱,进而导致了热源异常.     

Washington Women: Practicing Geography in the U.S. Government, 1915–1970s

Histories of geography, especially those dealing with the twentieth century, tend to focus on geographic thought or academia rather than on practice in other arenas such as government agencies. In the United States during that period, however, the latter included a higher proportional representation of women professionals than did research-oriented universities. This article examines the careers of selected women geographers who had long-term and senior positions in Washington, DC, in agencies such as the Library of Congress, Bureau of the Census, the Department of State, and the Office of Naval Research. Drawing on sources including directories, the archives and oral history collections of the Society of Woman Geographers, and interviews conducted in the late 1980s and early 1990s, I explore four main themes: how these women came to government work, aspects of the intersections of personal and professional lives, ways in which economic and political contexts shaped their opportunities and experiences, and the nature of their contributions.     

Determinants for water consumption from improved sources in rural villages of southern Mali

Water supply must take into consideration a variety of factors, including consumer habits, options and needs. Little is known about water demands in rural areas of developing regions. Based on data from southern Mali, this paper banks on the hypothesis that water consumption in rural villages can be predicted by combining measurable variables with spatial analyses. A ten-day field campaign was carried out at the end of the dry season 2016. All improved water sources were checked for functionality, flow rate and water quality. Outcomes were coupled with those from over one-hundred household interviews and incorporated into a geographic database. Buffered network analyses were used to quantify the main spatial determinants for water use. Simple and multiple regression models were then developed to establish the main predictors for per capita and household water consumption. Multiple regression reveals that models based on the number of household members, travel time and total travel distance provide robust forecasts for water consumption (R² > 0.93). Conversely, potentially relevant parameters such as affordability or water quality were not statistically significant. This could be attributed to the presence of free water sources and to the absence of quality-monitoring, respectively. Outcomes also suggest that having access to basic means of transportation, such as pushcarts, doubles water consumption at the household level. In terms of access to improved water sources, coverage was found to be lower in practice than on paper. These outcomes contribute to the growing body of literature that challenges the widely accepted assumption that 90% of the world population has access to safe drinking supplies.     

北极Svalbard群岛Longyearbyen地区雪坑主要阴、阳离子特征研究

北极Ｓｖａｌｂａｒｄ群岛Ｌｏｎｇｙｅａｒｂｙｅｎ地区３条冰川８个雪坑样品的分析结果表明,该地区冰川表层雪中海盐离子Ｃｌ－和Ｎａ＋占主导地位,其浓度远高于其它离子,而陆源Ｃａ２＋在雪坑秋季污化层中浓度远远高于其它层位,可作为雪坑定年中秋季层位的标志。在季节变化上,海盐离子和ＳＯ２－４、ＮＯ－３在春季和夏季表现为高值,这与冬春季节北大西洋风暴和中纬度人类污染物远距离传输到北极有关,也与夏季局地海洋性气团、大气中氧化作用、光电作用和清除速率有关。同全球的边远地区格陵兰、南极和青藏高原比较,Ｌｏｎｇｙｅａｒｂｙｅｎ地区雪中离子浓度水平较高,特别是海盐离子浓度远高于其它地区。     

巢湖流域非点源污染初步研究

巢肖是我国五大淡品湖中污染最为严重的湖泊之一。对巢湖流域自然、经济、社会系统进行全面分析,运用对应分析技术剖析了不同土地利用方式与营养物地表径流输入之间的关系,为巢湖流域非点源污染的控制提供依据。     

A Two-Dimensional Zonally Averaged Ocean Carbon Cycle Model

ＡＴｗｏ－ＤｉｍｅｎｓｉｏｎａｌＺｏｎａｌｙＡｖｅｒａｇｅｄＯｃｅａｎＣａｒｂｏｎＣｙｃｌｅＭｏｄｅｌＸｕＹｏｎｇｆｕ（徐永福）ａｎｄＷａｎｇＭｉｎｇｘｉｎｇ（王明星）ＬＡＰＣ,ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＡｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｉｃＰｈｙｓｉｃｓ,Ｃｈｉｎｅｓ...     

1979年5月东南亚夏季风的建立和青藏高原的作用

东南亚夏季风开始于5月,它是大气环流向夏季环流过渡的一个重要阶段。本文用FGGE-IIIb全球网格点资料,分析1979年4月26日到5月25日,大范围（40°S～50°N,30～160°E）温度、湿度和风场变化特征,计算了垂直速度、辐散风场、热源和水汽汇收支,研究了东南亚夏季风的性质和来源,其中着重分析了青藏高原的热力和动力作用与东南亚夏季风建立的关系。东南亚夏季风建立的主要因素是中纬度的环流形势,来自热带海洋的西南气流和青藏高原的作用。东南亚夏季风开始时,高空大气环流发生调整,青藏高原上空为波脊,两侧为波槽。低空东南亚夏季风区的辐合气流有四个来源:1）同经度范围的偏南辐散风,2）高原南侧的偏西辐散风,3）高原东侧的偏北辐散风,4）西太平洋上的偏东辐散风。分析表明,东南亚夏季风降水受高原西南侧的中纬度西风带波动影响。低空西南气流来源于80～120°E的南半球热带地区,西南气流输送水汽并且加强低空辐合。主要的热源位于东南亚,主要是潜热释放形成的,它是驱动东南亚夏季风环流的主要机制。整个分析期,青藏高原是一热源,抬升的感热加热和动力作用形成和维持了高原上空的高压脊和两侧的波槽,从而有助于东南亚夏季风的建立。