新疆西昆仑独尖山地区黄羊岭组碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄及其对特提斯洋构造演化的指示

新疆西昆仑独尖山地区巴颜喀拉盆地北部发育黄羊岭组,岩性为一套灰色长石岩屑砂岩、灰白色石英砂岩、灰黑色粉砂岩等细碎屑岩组合,中部夹大量凝灰质成分,局部夹碳酸盐岩透镜体,含丰富的生物化石,指示时代为中二叠世。为进一步查明区域上黄羊岭组沉积时代及沉积区物质来源,在黄羊岭组一段顶底采集了2件碎屑岩样品,利用LA-ICP-MS对锆石U-Pb年龄及微量元素含量进行分析。其中,碎屑锆石206Pb/238U年龄主要集中于264~276Ma、292~317Ma、369~373Ma、500~503Ma、694~702Ma五个区间,最年轻的锆石峰值年龄为266.1±0.89Ma,表明该地区黄羊岭组开始沉积的时间为中二叠世中期。通过锆石微量元素判别图解对锆石的成岩类型进行判别,结合所取得的年龄数据,综合比对区内特提斯洋构造演化,认为264~276Ma碎屑锆石来源于海西运动中昆仑造山带内的花岗质岩石和基性火山岩,292~317Ma碎屑锆石来源于北侧喀什塔什地区石炭系—二叠系托库孜达坂岩组内的火山岩建造,500~503Ma碎屑锆石来源于古特提斯洋主体形成时的岩浆构造演化,694~702Ma碎屑锆石则来自于原特提斯洋北侧的塔里木陆块或大洋中的北羌塘微陆块,而369~373Ma的碎屑锆石来源于晚泥盆世古特提斯洋裂解初期小规模的火山活动。     

注水开发中油层结垢伤害机理与防治措施

油层结垢是油田注水开发中主要油层伤害类型,严重影响油田开发的经济效益.为了解决油田结垢伤害问题,国内外各油田采用了机械除垢、化学除垢等多种方法,并开发了针对不同油田、不同垢类的除垢、防垢产品,但到目前为止还没有找到一种经济实用、简单易行,并能从根本上解决该问题的有效方法.针对该难题,首次提出了一种防治结垢新方法--油田水源混配防垢法.该方法主要是通过采用地层水或油田污水与注入水在地表提前以最佳比例混配,用Ca(OH)2调节pH值,一方面可去除水中的Ba2+、Ca2+、Fe3+、SO2-4、CO2、HCO-3、CO2+3、S2-等成垢离子,避免地层水和注入水在油层内相遇而结垢,达到保护油层的目的;另一方面使铁进入腐蚀钝化区,防止输水管道结垢与锈蚀.此方法改变了传统的防垢、除垢思路,把地层水或油田污水作为除垢的沉淀剂, 通过在地表提前消除混合水中的成垢离子,实现了对各种成垢物的一次性清除,不但防止了油层结垢伤害,而且解决了输水管道结垢与锈蚀问题,同时还可实现油田污水的利用.该法可大大降低采油成本,并适用于任何油田.     

中国沙尘暴源区及其治理研究述评

沙尘暴给人们生产生活带来重大影响。系统总结沙尘暴源区以及相应的治理措施的研究成果,不仅能够使人们对沙尘暴的来源有更加深入的了解,还可以为今后沙尘暴治理提供理论依据和政策支持。首先对沙尘暴基本概念与时空分布特征进行了简要评述,然后综合论述了中国沙尘暴来源的研究现状,系统总结了近年来国内外沙尘暴治理研究成果,在此基础上提出几点展望。     

Modelling S-wave radiation for SP-waves in isotropic and anisotropic media

Utilizing shear-wave (S-wave) data acquired with compressional waves (P-waves) is becoming more common as joint imaging and inversion techniques improve. Interest in S-waves radiated from vertical sources and buried explosives exploits conversion to P-waves as primary reflections (SP-waves) for reducing acquisition costs and for application to legacy data. However, recent investigations overstate the extent of SP-wave illumination and show isotropic processing results with narrow bandwidth frequency and wavenumber data. I demonstrate that illumination with SP-waves is limited in general to near vertical polar angles up to around 30° or 35° for V_P/V_S of 2 or 3, respectively. At greater angles, S-waves are typically in the P-wave evanescent range and cannot excite SP-wave reflections. Contrary to recent claims, these sources for P-wave do not radiate S_H-waves polarized in horizontal planes in all azimuths. I show these properties for isotropic media with radiation expressions for amplitude derived in vector slowness coordinates. Also, I extend these expressions to transversely isotropic media with a vertical symmetry axis to show agreement with synthetic seismic data that only quasi S_V-waves are radiated and become more narrowly focused towards 45°. Furthermore, in orthorhombic media, synthetic data show that fast S₁- and slow S₂-waves polarized parallel and perpendicular to fractures may appear as S_V- and S_H-waves. For the partially saturated fracture model studied here, S₁-wave radiation has broader azimuthal illumination than slow S₂-waves, which are more narrowly focused in azimuth. These produce SP-wave splitting signatures on vertical component reflection data that are nearly identical to PS-wave signatures on radial horizontal component data. Separating these fast and slow SP-waves is an additional processing challenge.     

High energy gamma-rays from cygnus X-3

Simultaneous observations by the ESA satellite COS-B show that the 2–12 keV X-rays and 150–5000 MeV gamma-rays of Cyg X-3 are negatively correlated. A clear gamma-ray image of Cyg X-3 can be obtained between June 1977 and June 1980, when the X-ray emission was low, to yield a flux of P(E > 100MeV) ~ 1 × 10⁻⁶cm⁻²s⁻¹.     

山东省广饶县土壤重金属来源、分布及生态风险

选取山东省广饶县作为研究区,采集300个表层土壤样品（0~20 cm）,测定As、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Hg、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn等10种重金属含量;运用多元统计和地统计分析方法揭示广饶县土壤重金属元素的来源与空间分布特征,最后利用H?kanson潜在生态风险指数法评价重金属的潜在生态风险。结果表明：① 研究区土壤中Co和Pb的平均值低于山东省背景值,其他8种元素的平均值均超过山东省背景值;特别是Cd和Hg的平均含量分别达到山东省背景值的1.86倍和2.50倍,说明在土壤中存在明显的富集。② As、Co、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni和Zn为自然源,受成土母质控制;Hg为人为源,主要来源于煤炭燃烧和工业排放;Cd和Pb受自然和人为因素共同控制。③ 成土母质控制着As、Cd、 Co、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb和Zn的基本分布格局,不同土地利用类型的土壤Hg含量差别较明显,其高值区集中在城镇建设用地。④ 总体上,研究区为中等生态风险的偏高水平,其中Cd和Hg分别为中等和较高生态风险,其余8种元素处于低生态风险。     

白令海CO_2源汇与控制因素研究进展

白令海是北冰洋太平洋扇区的边缘海,是亚北极生态系统向北极生态系统过渡的典型区域,白令海CO_2源汇的研究可为高纬度边缘海相关的研究提供重要的参考。在全球持续变暖的背景下,白令海正在发生着一些气候和环境的变化,这些变化对CO_2源汇以及控制CO_2源汇的生物地球化学过程产生重要影响。对目前白令海CO_2源汇特征及其控制因素相关研究进行了归纳总结,预测了白令海CO_2源汇的未来变化趋势并提出了展望。以往的研究都认为白令海是一个大气CO_2的汇区,但是碳汇研究结果差异较大,最近的研究结果表明白令陆架区的碳汇约–6.81 Tg C·a~(–1)(1 Tg=10~(12)g),整个白令海的碳汇约–34 Tg C·a~(–1)。在未来白令海气候和环境变化继续加剧的条件下,使得白令海碳汇增强或减弱的因素将同时存在,因此,未来白令海的碳汇是增强还是减弱尚无定论。     

Intraspecific diet shift in Talitrus saltator inhabiting exposed sandy beaches

Talitrid amphipods are the most abundant herbivores on exposed sandy beaches. Despite their important role as trophic intermediates between macrophytes and higher levels (i.e. insect and bird) of beach food webs, very little information is available on their feeding patterns. The main aim of this study was to investigate intraspecific differences in the feeding behaviour of Talitrus saltator. We tested the hypotheses that: (1) adult females and males showed different isotope signatures and therefore relied on different sources of food; and (2) patterns of variation of isotope signatures of juveniles differed from those of adult specimens, evidencing a diet shift during the development. We used stable isotope signatures and tested for differences upon the level on the shore, times of the year and beaches experiencing similar morpho-dynamic and environmental conditions. Finally, we investigated the trophic significance of macrophyte detritus in the diet of males, females and juveniles. Results showed that adult males had a more variable diet than females and juveniles (inferred from δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values). Dual-isotope graphs suggested that Sargassum muticum and Cystoseira baccata wrack could be among the main food sources for both juvenile and adult stage.     

贵州纳雍枝铅锌矿床地质、地球化学及矿床成因

纳雍枝铅锌矿床位于扬子陆块西南缘,是黔西北地区五指山背斜内近年来取得勘查突破的大型铅锌矿床(1.30Mt),也是川滇黔矿集区贵州境内目前发现的最大规模的铅锌矿床。矿体受层位和构造控制明显,呈似层状、脉状及透镜状产于五指山背斜南东翼穿层和顺层构造带内,赋矿围岩为下寒武统清虚洞组和上震旦统灯影组白云岩。无论是缓倾斜的似层状矿体,还是陡倾斜的脉状矿体,矿石中普遍发育角砾状、脉状、网脉状和浸染状构造,金属矿物主要为闪锌矿,次为方铅矿和黄铁矿,脉石矿物以白云石、方解石为主,次为石英和重晶石。研究结果显示,该矿床硫化物δ~(34)SV-CDT值变化范围较宽,介于4.7‰~22.8‰之间,平均16.68‰,多数集中在18‰~22.5‰之间,远高于赋矿白云岩的δ~(34)S_(V-CDT)值(7.3‰)。硫化物总体呈现δ~(34)S_(闪锌矿)δ~(34)S_(方铅矿)δ~(34)S_(黄铁矿),暗示S同位素分馏未达到平衡,成矿流体的δ~(34)S_(∑S)值应高于硫化物的平均δ~(34)S值(16.68‰)。因此,成矿流体中的硫主要来源于赋矿海相碳酸盐岩中的蒸发膏岩,是蒸发硫酸盐矿物热化学还原(TSR)作用的产物。硫化物具有正常Pb的组成特征,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb、~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb及~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb变化范围分别为17.8240~17.9701、15.6364~15.7651和37.8956~38.3230,与赋矿白云岩Pb同位素组成略有不同,但壳源特征明显,很可能来源于区域基底岩石。综上认为,纳雍枝铅锌矿床兼具层控和断控成矿特征,成矿物质主要由壳源岩石提供,硫化物沉淀受控于富金属流体与富还原硫流体的混合作用,其形成是区域构造与大规模成矿流体耦合作用的结果,属于MVT矿床。