Thinned simulations of extremely energetic showers in dense media for radio applications

This paper presents our results for full 3-D simulations of very-high to ultra-high energy electromagnetic cascades – and the associated coherent Cherenkov radiation – as might be produced by high-energy neutrino interactions in dense media. Using “thinning” techniques, we develop an algorithm based on the existing “ZHS” code, and demonstrate that the new “ZHS-thinned” code can produce fast and accurate results for showers up to . Using ZHS-thinned, we develop new parameterisations for the radiation from showers in ice, salt, and the lunar regolith, with a separate treatment of the megaregolith (deep regolith). Our parameterisations include for the first time a method to simulate fluctuations in shower length induced by the LPM effect. Our results, which avoid the pit-falls of scaling simulations from lower energies, allow improved calculations of the detection probability for experiments searching for high-energy neutrinos using the radio technique.     

小湾水电站低高程坝基开挖卸荷松弛机理试验研究

小湾电站低高程坝基开挖过程中,表层岩体卸荷松弛强烈,主要形式有沿已有裂隙地错动、张开和扩展,及因新生破裂而松弛。后者主要包括:葱皮现象、板裂现象和岩爆现象。试验测试表明,开挖面附近微新岩石为坚硬极坚硬岩石,但其初始损伤明显,其损伤发展启动应力在5.2~12.4MPa之间,抗拉强度在3~6MPa之间,这是坝基表层岩体卸荷松弛强烈的物质基础;坝基面爆破开挖的应力集中和爆炸作用影响是坝基岩体卸荷松弛强烈的岩石力学环境条件。     

环境扫描电子显微镜工作原理及其气象学应用

大气颗粒物具有吸附性、吸湿性以及对光的吸收和散射性等特性,对环境、气候和人类健康造成许多不利影响。扫描电子显微镜和能谱分析技术,可在观测大气组成的微小颗粒的微观结构的同时,实现对微结构元素组分分析的目的,为气象学中开展微观物理化学研究提供一个有效的手段。文章简要介绍了环境扫描电子显微镜(ESEM)的基本工作原理及特点,指出环境扫描电子显微镜在气象科学研究中的独特作用、适用领域,并通过对人工影响天气焰剂产生的大气颗粒的物理化学性质研究的实例来说明其应用。     

Itrax μ-XRF core scanning for rapid tephrostratigraphic analysis: a case study from the Auckland Volcanic Field maar lakes

Itrax micro X-ray fluorescence (μ-XRF) core scanning is a non-destructive, rapid approach to measuring elemental concentrations and their variability in sediment cores. As such, it records elemental signatures of tephra layers, which serve as correlation tie points and chronological markers for these sedimentary archives of past climatic changes. The traditional tephra identification approach using electron microprobe-based geochemical fingerprinting of glass shards is a slow and invasive process, whilst μ-XRF scanning of rhyolite tephra in sediment cores from Auckland (New Zealand) could provide a faster, non-invasive approach to aid the recognition of tephra layers. This study highlights the potential and pitfalls in this novel approach: changes in most scanning parameters, and the use of two different Itrax core scanners, still led to similar chemical characterizations of the tephra layers. Changes in other scanning parameters have a biasing influence on the chemical characterization of the tephra, which would lead to misidentification of unknown layers. We demonstrate that μ-XRF core scanning provides a faster and non-invasive approach to correlation of sediment sequences using chemically distinct, visually pure tephra layers if a strict scanning protocol is followed. Nevertheless, an extensive database of μ-XRF-scanned rhyolite tephra is required for recognition of unknown tephra units using this approach.     

CHIME monazite dating as a tool to detect polymetamorphism in high‐temperature metamorphic terrane: Example from the Aoyama area,Ryoke metamorphic belt,Southwest Japan

Chemical Th–U–total Pb isochron method (CHIME) monazite dating was carried out for pelitic–psammitic migmatites and the Ao granite (one of the Younger Ryoke granites) from the Aoyama area, Ryoke metamorphic belt, Southwest Japan. The Ao granite gives an unequivocal age of 79.8 ± 3.9 Ma. The monazite grains in migmatites yield an age of 96.5 ± 1.9 Ma with rims and patchy domains of 83.5 ± 2.4 Ma. The 83.5 ± 2.4‐Ma overprinting on migmatites over the garnet–cordierite zone suggests a wide and combined effect of thermal input and fluid activity on the monazite grains caused by the contact metamorphism by the Younger Ryoke granites including the Ao granite. This contact metamorphism has not been detected from the major metamorphic mineral assemblage previously, possibly because the migmatites already possessed the high‐temperature mineral assemblage before the granite intrusions and were immune from contact metamorphism in terms of major metamorphic minerals. However, monazite records contact metamorphism clearly. Therefore, the field mapping of the CHIME monazite age is a powerful tool for recognition of polymetamorphism in high‐temperature metamorphic terrains where later thermal effects can not be easily detected by the growth of new major metamorphic minerals.     

气相色谱电子捕获法检测地下水中5种残留农药

用气相色谱-电子捕获法(GC-ECD)检测地下水中百菌清、丙环唑、己唑醇、嘧菌酯和高效氯氰菊酯。样品用乙酸乙酯-正己烷(体积比1∶1)液-液提取,提取液经无水硫酸钠去水后、浓缩、并定容至1.0 mL,最后用微池-电子捕获检测器(GC-μECD)进行检测。方法准确度、灵敏度高。2.0 ng/L添加水平所有待测物回收率≥68.8%,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=3)≤14.6%,百菌清、己唑醇、丙环唑、高效氯氰菊酯和嘧菌酯的方法检测限分别为0.50 ng/L、2.0 ng/L、2.0 ng/L、2.0 ng/L和2.0 ng/L。     

橄榄石位错构造的扫描电子显微镜研究

利用扫描电镜的背散射电子图象(BEI)对玄武岩及金伯利岩所含幔源包体中橄榄石的缀饰位错进行了研究。实验结果表明,位错类型和颗粒边界图象清晰,又便于观察。这种观察位错的方法其分辨率比光学显微镜观察结果约高一个数量级。背散射电子图象位错方法特别适用于研究天然的和实验变形橄榄石的高位错密度和密集型边界,对于确定显微构造的定量参数也十分有利。     

高纬电离层特性的实例研究

本文利用EISCAT雷达资料讨论磁层-电离层耦合的高纬电离层效应。研究表明,即使在夏季极昼情况下,磁扰期间的磁层过程对高纬电离层形态的影响也远大于太阳紫外辐射的作用。高能粒子沉降使电离层E层的电子密度大大增加;而磁层对流速度变大会使F层内电离复合加强。因而,磁扰时经常出现n_e（E层）>_e（F层）的情况。此现象不仅与宁静时完全相反,而且与中低纬电离层形态变化也有很大差别。     

碱性长石中Fe^3＋在四面体位置间交换动力学的EPR研究

在加热条件下,利用EPR方法研究了碱性长石中不同四面体位置间的Fe~(3+)、Al~(3+)交换。低温钠长石和透长石晶体分别在水热,1 kbar,500—900℃和干加热,1050℃条件下加热。在低温钠长石中,加热后Fe~(3+)线被加宽,当温度为800℃时,除T_1(o)位置外,没有出现其余四面体位置Fe~(3+)产生的谱线。透长石在1050℃加热1300h后,T_1和T_2线的相对强度发生了变化。实验表明,在碱性长石中不同四面体间Fe~(3+)、Ak~(3+)和Fe~(3+)、Si~(4+)交换与Al~(3+)、Si~(4+)交换比较,前者速度要缓慢得多。     

黄铁矿中金赋存状态的电子探针研究和超微粒金的发现

利用电子探针研究贵州某微细浸染型金矿床中黄铁矿,发现四颗超微粒金。本文阐述了用电子探针发现超微粒金的理论依据和应注意的技术问题;介绍了电子探针分析的检测极限计算方法与测试技术,并测定了黄铁矿中微量金的含量,提出微量金存在形式的新设想。