应用极化合成孔径雷达检测海上溢油研究进展

海上溢油给海洋生态环境带来严重的影响,快速准确地探测溢油对于防灾减灾具有重要的意义。利用卫星遥感探测溢油已成为目前主要的检测手段,大多采用合成孔径雷达(SAR)数据,运用图像处理的方法,开展了多种溢油提取算法的研究,取得了较好的结果,但由于海洋的类溢油现象存在,造成提取信息的精度达不到要求。近年来,国内外运用极化SAR数据开展溢油信息提取研究,从极化分解与相位差等角度对溢油特性分析,能有效地区分一些类溢油现象,得到了较理想的结果。分析了应用SAR数据开展溢油信息提取的研究状况,总结了溢油极化SAR探测的研究,指出了目前研究中存在的不足,并提出了今后溢油极化SAR遥感监测的方向。     

基于GPS反射信号技术的渤海海冰实验

传统的海冰检测手段都存在着受天气影响或实时检测成本太高的缺点,为了更实时有效的检测海冰,减轻海冰灾害对于我国的影响,并达到防灾减灾的目的,本文研究了GPS反射信号(GPS-R)技术检测海冰的可能性。通过对2013年2月下旬在中国天津渤海湾的岸基架设GPS信号接收机所接收的观测数据进行分析,使用不同特性的反射海域(几乎全为海水或是海冰)的数据进行比对分析,其结果显示极化比值(反射左旋信号与直射右旋信号的比值)能够明显反演海冰密集度。本文首次将GPS-R技术应用于国内自主设计的渤海海冰检测实验中。     

Can existing institutions protect biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction? Experiences from two on-going processes

United Nations discussions on the governance of marine areas beyond national jurisdiction have questioned, but not yet reached a decision, on whether existing institutional agreements and structures are sufficient to meet global commitments to protect marine biodiversity, or if additional mechanisms may be required. This paper considers two very different efforts to protect marine biodiversity in these areas: (1) in the North-East Atlantic through the efforts of OSPAR Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic; and (2) in the central Atlantic, through the efforts of the Sargasso Sea Alliance led by the Bermuda government. In each case, action has been strongly supported by non-governmental organisations and subsequent progress has hinged upon on-going dedicated efforts of “champion” governments to bring other States on board. This paper outlines the difficulties that they have faced, and consequently why they have been time-consuming, and are not yet completed. The paper then considers 10 common recommendations that can be drawn from the experiences of these two distinct initiatives, and their relevance to on-going UN deliberations.     

海杂波微弱目标分形检测

The target on the sea surface is complex and difficult to detect due to the interference of backscattered returns from the sea surface illuminated by the radar pulse. Detrended fluctuation analysis （DFA） has been used successfully to extract the time-domain Hurst exponent of sea-clutter series. Since the frequency of the sea clutter mainly concentrates around Doppler center so that we consider to extract frequency-do- main fractal characterization and then detect a weak target within sea clutter by using the difference of frequency-domain fractal characterization. The generalized detrended fluctuation analysis （GDFA） is more flexible than traditional DFA owing to its smoothing action for the clutters. In this paper, we apply the GDFA to evaluate the generalized Hurst exponent of sea-clutter series in the frequency domain. The difference of generalized Hurst exponents between different sea-clutter range bins would be used to determine whether the target exists. Moreover, some simulations with the real IPIX radar data have also been demonstrated in order to suooort this conclusion.     

基于码率控制的DMB预警信息预处理系统

为解决预警信息音频广播的单一性,通过对数字多媒体广播(DMB)的标准研究,设计了基于码率控制的DMB预警信息预处理系统.该系统采用MPEG-4 HE AAC和H.264/AVC编码算法对预警音视频信息分别进行信源编码,实现将编码后信息合成为TS码流;采用RS和卷积交织的信道编码方法实现TS码流的纠错控制,提高传输可靠性.针对传输码率不稳定、音视频传输容量和速率不匹配的技术难点,提出基于码率控制的音视频匹配控制传输方法,通过空包插入法实现对编码输出数据码率的智能控制,达到音视频预警信息的稳定实时输出.该预处理系统目前已通过验证,可显著提高预警信息传输的可靠性、稳定性和实时性.     

多模式智能路灯控制系统

使用AT89S52单片机作为主控芯片,设计了一种多模式智能路灯控制系统,该系统能够根据道路、巷口或定时应用3种情况进行工作模式选择,并根据环境光亮度决定是否启动所设定的工作模式.巷口工作模式时,系统通过红外传感器检测道路上有汽车或行人通过时,将识别信号送入单片机,由单片机控制交通灯开启;道路工作模式时,路灯处于开启状态,以保障行人畅行;定时模式时,通过DS1302定时模块,可以设定路灯的开关时间.此外,该系统还具有自动故障检测功能,功能全面,有较强的实用价值.     

New Discovery of Oligocene Gastropod Opercula from the Yehucheng Formation in Northwestern China

Fourteen species of nonmarine gastropod opercula are found to be in high abundance in the Oligocene upper member of the Yehucheng Formation,Lanzhou Basin,northwest China.They are attributed to two families,namely Bithyniidae and Assimineidae,and four genera,namely Pseudemmericia,Bithynia,Mirolaminatus and Assiminea.Among them,three species are new,and they are Bithynia paramonolithic sp.nov.,B.obliquus sp.nov.,and B.disregularis sp.nov.Some of these species were first discovered in Paleogene strata of the vast Northwest China and can be compared with the opercula recovered from the Paleogene deposits in East and South China.It is inferred from the paleontology and sediment associations that the climate was slightly humid and the fauna probably inhabited the fresh or brackish water of a shallow lake in the Lanzhou Basin during the late early Oligocene period.     

A multi-index learning approach for classification of high-resolution remotely sensed images over urban areas

In recent years, it has been widely agreed that spatial features derived from textural, structural, and object-based methods are important information sources to complement spectral properties for accurate urban classification of high-resolution imagery. However, the spatial features always refer to a series of parameters, such as scales, directions, and statistical measures, leading to high-dimensional feature space. The high-dimensional space is almost impractical to deal with considering the huge storage and computational cost while processing high-resolution images. To this aim, we propose a novel multi-index learning (MIL) method, where a set of low-dimensional information indices is used to represent the complex geospatial scenes in high-resolution images. Specifically, two categories of indices are proposed in the study: (1) Primitive indices (PI): High-resolution urban scenes are represented using a group of primitives (e.g., building/shadow/vegetation) that are calculated automatically and rapidly; (2) Variation indices (VI): A couple of spectral and spatial variation indices are proposed based on the 3D wavelet transformation in order to describe the local variation in the joint spectral-spatial domains. In this way, urban landscapes can be decomposed into a set of low-dimensional and semantic indices replacing the high-dimensional but low-level features (e.g., textures). The information indices are then learned via the multi-kernel support vector machines. The proposed MIL method is evaluated using various high-resolution images including GeoEye-1, QuickBird, WorldView-2, and ZY-3, as well as an elaborate comparison to the state-of-the-art image classification algorithms such as object-based analysis, and spectral-spatial approaches based on textural and morphological features. It is revealed that the MIL method is able to achieve promising results with a low-dimensional feature space, and, provide a practical strategy for processing large-scale high-resolution images.     

Spectral monitoring of moorland plant phenology to identify a temporal window for hyperspectral remote sensing of peatland

Recognising the importance of the timing of image acquisition on the spectral response in remote sensing of vegetated ecosystems is essential. This study used full wavelength, 350–2500 nm, field spectroscopy to establish a spectral library of phenological change for key moorland species, and to investigate suitable temporal windows for monitoring upland peatland systems. Spectral responses over two consecutive growing seasons were recorded at single species plots for key moorland species and species sown to restore eroding peat. This was related to phenological change using narrowband vegetation indices (Red Edge Position, Photochemical Reflectance Index, Plant Senescence Reflection Index and Cellulose Absorption Index); that capture green-up and senescence related changes in absorption features in the visible to near infrared and the shortwave infrared. The selection of indices was confirmed by identifying the regions of maximum variation in the captured reflectance across the full spectrum. The indices show change in the degree of variation between species occurring from April to September, measured for plant functional types. A discriminant function analysis between indices and plant functional types determines how well each index was able to differentiate between the plant functional groups for each month. It identifies April and July as the two months where the species are most separable. What is presented here is not one single recommendation for the optimal temporal window for operational monitoring, but a fuller understanding of how the spectral response changes with the phenological cycle, including recommendations for what indices are important throughout the year.     

Land cover classification of finer resolution remote sensing data integrating temporal features from time series coarser resolution data

Land cover classification of finer resolution remote sensing data is always difficult to acquire high-frequency time series data which contains temporal features for improving classification accuracy. This paper proposed a method of land cover classification with finer resolution remote sensing data integrating temporal features extracted from time series coarser resolution data. The coarser resolution vegetation index data is first fused with finer resolution data to obtain time series finer resolution data. Temporal features are extracted from the fused data and added to improve classification accuracy. The result indicates that temporal features extracted from coarser resolution data have significant effect on improving classification accuracy of finer resolution data, especially for vegetation types. The overall classification accuracy is significantly improved approximately 4% from 90.4% to 94.6% and 89.0% to 93.7% for using Landsat 8 and Landsat 5 data, respectively. The user and producer accuracies for all land cover types have been improved.