The Effects of Different HITRAN Versions on Calculated Long-Wave Radiation and Uncertainty Evaluation

Four editions of the High Resolution Transmission (HITRAN) databases (HITRAN96, HITRAN2K, HITRAN04, and HITRAN08) are compared by using a line-by-line (LBL) radiative model in the long-wave calculation for six typical atmospheres. The results show that differences in downward radiative fluxes between HITRAN96 and HITRAN08 at the surface can reach a maximum of 1.70 W m 2 for tropical atmospheres. The largest difference in heating rate between HITRAN96 and HITRAN08 can reach 0.1 K day 1 for midlatitude summer atmosphere. Uncertainties caused by line intensity and air-broadened halfwidths are also evaluated in this work using the uncertainty codes given in HITRAN08. The uncertainty is found to be 1.92 W m 2 for upward fluxes at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) and 1.97 W m 2 for downward fluxes at the surface. The largest heating rate caused by the uncertainty of line intensity and air-broadened half-width can reach 0.5 K day 1 . The differences in optical depths between 1300 and 1700 cm 1 caused by different HITRAN versions are larger than those caused by the uncertainties in intensity and air-broadened half-width. This paper suggests that there is inaccurate representation of line parameters over some spectral ranges in HITRAN and more attention should be paid to these ranges in fields such as remote sensing.     

A waveguide-based flexible CO2-laser heating system for diamond-anvil cell applications

Fiber-based laser heating systems offer high flexibility and are increasingly used in high-pressure/high-temperature research. Previous fiber-based laser heating systems were based on lasers delivering radiation with 1-μm wavelength that show unfavorable heating characteristics for many sample materials. We report on the development and first experiments of a waveguide (fiber)-based CO₂-laser heating system that can be used in a flexible manner for high-temperature research and for high-pressure/temperature experiments when combined with diamond-anvil cells. The waveguide-based CO₂-laser heating system allows convenient heating of optically transparent samples without the need for adding an additional laser absorber. In a pilot experiment, the flexible heating system has been installed on a Brillouin scattering system to measure high-temperature sound-wave velocities in single-crystal MgO. The waveguide-based CO₂-laser heating system offers perspectives for a variety of scientific applications, most importantly those that require the use of synchrotron facilities where space is limited and flexible solutions are required.     

High-pressure yield strength of rocksalt structures using quartz Raman piezometry

The Raman frequencies of quartz are used to evaluate deviatoric stresses in rocksalt-structure media in diamond-anvil cell experiments to pressures up to 20 GPa. The piezospectroscopic effect in quartz is modeled by first-principles calculations. Non-hydrostatic stresses measured in halogen salts give yield strength estimates of 3 GPa in the B1 structure (NaCl), and 4.5 GPa for the B2 structure (KCl and KBr). Raman measurements in MgO show that the yield strength is reached at around 6 ± 1 GPa. Measurements on quartz alone indicate similar yield strength. The estimated yield strength in MgO is thus likely a lower bound, in consistency with former radial X-ray diffraction measurements that gave a yield strength of 8 ± 1 GPa, and lower-pressure large-volume press experiments indicating a yield strength of 6 GPa at 5 GPa. Former values of the yield strength below 2 GPa determined by pressure gradient measurements were underestimated due to unverified assumptions in boundary conditions. The yield strength increases with increasing coordination of ionic solids, likely contributing to increase viscosity at phase transitions near the upper–lower mantle boundary.     

Bulk modulus of Fe-rich olivines corrected for non-hydrostaticity

In situ X-ray diffraction was used to measure the isothermal bulk modulus at room conditions (K_T0) of synthetic olivines with different iron contents. The chemical formulae of the olivine samples were ${({\mathrm{Fe}}_x,{\mathrm{Mg}}_{1?x})}_2\mathrm{Si}{\mathrm{O}}_4$ with x = 0.45; 0.64; 0.82; 1, with 1% standard deviation (referenced as Fa45, Fa64, Fa82 and Fa100, respectively). All experiments were performed in the multi-anvil apparatus installed at NSLS beamline X17B2, to pressures up to about 7 GPa. Unit-cell volumes under hydrostatic conditions and differential stresses present in the samples were calculated using the method developed by Singh et al. (1998), and pressures measured using NaCl as a standard were then corrected for these stresses. Using a second-order Birch–Murnaghan equation of state, we obtained the isothermal bulk modulus of each composition: $K_{T0}^{\mathrm{Fa45}}=131.4\pm 2.6$ GPa, $K_{T0}^{\mathrm{Fa64}}=132.1\pm 3.1$ GPa, $K_{T0}^{\mathrm{Fa82}}=136.3\pm 1.7$ GPa and $K_{T0}^{\mathrm{Fa100}}=134.8\pm 1.4$ GPa. These values combined with data available in the literature show that the K_T0 of Fe-rich olivines increases very slowly with the Fe content, but possibly not in a simple linear trend.     

DFT study of migration enthalpies in MgSiO<Subscript>3</Subscript> perovskite

The effect of pressure on ionic diffusion in orthorhombic MgSiO₃ perovskite has been investigated using density functional theory. An intensive investigation of possible silicon pathways revealed new positions of the saddle-points and an enthalpy of migration at 26.2 GPa of 4.7 eV that is in fair agreement with the experimental values of about 3.5 eV at 25 GPa. This is much lower than found in previous studies (~9 eV) and removes the need to explain silicon diffusion by a complicated process involving coupled oxygen vacancies, as has been previously proposed. Our migration enthalpies for oxygen and magnesium are in excellent agreement with experiments. We find that oxygen diffusion occurs via a chain of several inequivalent jumps along the octahedron edges, and that magnesium occurs via two inequivalent [110] jumps and one [001] jump. We also present activation volumes for all three species at 25 and 135 GPa.     

南亚高压季节性变化与甘肃省春季和初夏降水关系初探

通过对南亚高压的季节性变化与甘肃省春季第一场≥10mm的区域性降水即第一场透雨出现时间和初夏转入多雨期的统计分析,初步揭示了南亚高压在季节性变化过程中及最终在青藏高原上空建立与甘肃省特别是甘肃河东地区春季第一场透雨及转入多雨期的相关关系。分析结果表明,南亚高压在季节性变化过程中登上中南半岛与甘肃省河东地区春季第一场透雨的出现具有显著关系,南亚高压在青藏高原上空建立与甘肃省初夏转入多雨期同样具有显著关系。因此。准确掌握南亚高压的季节性变化及登上高原的日期。不论对于准确预报出春季第一场透雨,还是转入多雨期,都有着重要的参考和指导意义。     

山丹-民乐6.1和5.8级地震短期异常特征

总结分析了2003年10月25日发生在甘肃山丹-民乐6 1级、5 8级地震的异常特征,总体表现为:(1)地震活动在空间上的丛集和地震活动水平的明显增强现象,以及一些显著地震事件的发生和有序迁移;(2)震源区外前兆异常出现大幅度同步变化的短期异常特征。     

青海省海南台水氡异常特征综合研究

分别从震前预测与震后总结2种方式对青海省海南台水氡异常特征与地震的关系进行了系统的分析,并研究了异常过程、异常幅度与震级和震中距、震源机制等的关系,对水氡异常预报地震进行了预报效能的R值评分。研究结果认为,海南水氡异常对地震的预报效能评分为0 4,表明水氡异常与地震活动有关;但是,异常幅度与震级、震中距关系不明显;震源机制不同,异常与地震的对应率也不同。研究结果还表明,海南台水氡对祁连山中东段及青海省河南县地区的地震反映不敏感。     

中国西北地区冰雹的气候特征及异常研究

选取西北地区均匀分布的85个地面测站1961～2001年冰雹资料,分析了降雹的空间分布和年、日变化及持续时间。结果表明,西北地区冰雹与地形、海拔高度有密切关系,具有明显的局地性。其自然正交函数分解(EOF),主要表现为干旱区、高原区等空间差异(LV)。旋转自然正交函数分解(REOF)表明,旋转载荷向量场(RLV)反映了8个主要降雹异常类型区。旋转主分量(RPC)揭示了近41年来西北地区冰雹日数时间演变特征：北疆、南疆和秦岭南部年冰雹日数总体呈多雹—少雹—多雹趋势;柴达木盆地和青藏高原东北侧总体呈少雹—多雹—少雹趋势;天山、青藏高原东南部、河套南部总体呈减少趋势。     

东天山成矿带中段化探普查工作方法与找矿效果

在研究区开展的1∶5万化探工作统一采用土壤测量,采样粒级-4～+20目,能很好反映采样单元内的地质背景特征,多点组合的采样方法提高了样品的代表性。在取得可靠化探数据的基础上,采用元素含量与规模(面积大小)两个约束条件,圈定了一批有找矿前景的异常。通过开展异常查证,取得了良好的找矿效果,开拓了研究区的找矿空间。