Numerical investigation of the anisotropic hydraulic conductivity behavior in heterogeneous porous media

The behavior of the mean equivalent hydraulic conductivity normal and parallel to stratification (K₁, and K₂, respectively) is studied here through Monte Carlo simulations of three-dimensional, steady-state flow in statistically anisotropic, bounded, and heterogeneous media. For water flow normal to stratification in strongly heterogeneous porous media (²_Y=3) the value of K₁ is not unique; it ranges from an arithmetic to a geometric, and finally, to a harmonic mean behavior depending on field dimensions, and medium anisotropy. For a fixed anisotropy ratio and variance of Y = ln K, the larger the distance, in the direction perpendicular to stratification, over which water flow takes place, the faster the rate at which, K_H, behavior is approached. However, even for large anisotropy ratios, harmonic mean behavior appears to be a good approximation only for aquifer thickness L₁ that is large enough to allow stratified flow to occur. For small aquifer thickness (L₁/₁<8, where ₁ is the integral scale normal to stratification) the limiting behavior, for large anisotropy ratios, appears to be, instead, that of two-dimensional flow, i.e., water flows primarily parallel to the planes of stratification. When the aquifer thickness is very small compared to the horizontal dimensions (and with relative similar integral scales in the three directions) a behavior resembling arithmetic mean conditions is exhibited, i.e., water flow takes place through heterogeneous, vertical, soil volumes. The geostatistical expressions of Desbarats (1992a) for upscaling hydraulic conductivity values were utilized and closed form empirical relations were developed for the main components of the upscaled hydraulic conductivity tensor.     

Density-dependent dispersion in heterogeneous porous media Part II: Comparison with nonlinear models

The results of a series of high-resolution numerical experiments are used to test and compare three nonlinear models for high-concentration-gradient dispersion. Gravity stable miscible displacement is considered. The first model, introduced by Hassanizadeh, is a modification of Fick’s law which involves a second-order term in the dispersive flux equation and an additional dispersion parameter β. The numerical experiments confirm the dependency of β on the flow rate. In addition, a dependency on travelled distance is observed. The model can successfully be applied to nearly homogeneous media (σ² = 0.1), but additional fitting is required for more heterogeneous media.The second and third models are based on homogenization of the local scale equations describing density-dependent transport. Egorov considers media that are heterogeneous on the Darcy scale, whereas Demidov starts at the pore-scale level. Both approaches result in a macroscopic balance equation in which the dispersion coefficient is a function of the dimensionless density gradient. In addition, an expression for the concentration variance is derived. For small σ², Egorov’s model predictions are in satisfactory agreement with the numerical experiments without the introduction of any new parameters. Demidov’s model involves an additional fitting parameter, but can be applied to more heterogeneous media as well.     

A Parameterisation of the Effective Roughness Length over Inhomogeneous, Flat Terrain

A parameterisation ofthe effective roughness length is presented for an arbitrary givenroughness distribution z₀(x,y) over flat terrainat neutral stratification.Beyond pure averaging, it takes into account the spatial structure of the distribution, especially the influence of length scales, and inflow direction.To allow for interactions between different rough areas, Boussinesq-approximated equations with a turbulence closure of first order are considered and solved using perturbation theory.As a result, the logarithm of the effective roughness length isrepresented as a sum over the product of the Fourier transformation of log z₀ and a so-called dynamic function, which describesthe response of the flow field to a single wavelength of z₀.Although the numerical expenditure is larger than for simple averaging formulae,this method could be used by large-scale models to calculateeffective roughness lengths in every close-to-surface grid cell.     

关于地质材料内部构造层次的若干模型

材料的内部结构对于材料的宏观行为有显著的影响。同时外部作用也会对于材料的内部结构产生影响，在岩石及岩体的破坏过程中也会形成新的结构，并进而对于材料的宏观行为产生影响。因此在研究地质材料的变形与破坏时必须考虑其内部构造。本文对这方面的某些模型进行了回顾，并对需要研究的问题作一些的展望。     

On the Large Scale Spatial Heterogeneity of Great Shallow Earthquakes and Plate Coupling Mechanism in Chinese Mainland and Its Adjacent Areas

Research on the large scale spatial heterogeneity of great intraplate shallow earthquakes on the Chinese mainland and adjacent areas discussed in this paper shows that(1)there are four main high seismicity areas:the North China seismic area in the eastern part of China(30°-42°N),the Southeastern Coast seismic area in the eastern part of China(19°-25°N),the North-South seismic area in the western part of China and its adjacent areas(Burma-China-Mongolia),and the Central Asian seismic area in the western part of China and its adjacent areas(Pamir-Tianshan Mountains-Baikal);(2)the four intraplate seismic areas that are approximately perpendicular to those sections of the Eurasia plate boundary that surrounds the Chinese mainland and its adjacent areas,where the Eurasia plate has a strong seismic coupling with the North America-Pacific Ocean-Philippine Sea plate and the India plate; and(3)the large scale spatial heterogeneity of intraplate seismicity in China and its adjacent areas that might be control     

岩土类软化材料的柱形孔扩张统一解问题

用应力一次跌落应变软化模型来模拟岩土软化材料特性，采用双剪统一强度理论的屈眼函数形式，推导了柱形孔扩张问题应力场及位移场的统一计算公式，分析了不同模型、不同软化程度对柱形孔扩张时应力、位移及塑性区开展规律的影响。     

The role of fluid inclusions in mineral exploration—An attempt on the Bihar Mica Belt of India

Fluid inclusions and melt inclusions have been considered as possible guides for mineral exploration by many researchers. However, the minuteness of the fluid inclusions and the multiplicity of generations within the same deposit have always posed serious problems in the proper utilization of fluid-inclusion data in prospecting.Fluid inclusions preserve a valid and comprehensive record of the fluids coexisting with host minerals at the time of crystallization. A careful comparison of fluid-inclusion parameters and deposit characteristics enables one to distinguish between economically significant and insignificant zones of pegmatites.A systematic study of different pegmatites in an area of about 100 km² in the central part of the Bihar Mica Belt, India, was made. Mineralogical, fluid-inclusion, and melt-inclusion data of the principal mineral constituents like quartz, beryl, and apatite were collected. Thirty-three occurrences were chosen for the study. Pegmatites were grouped into economically significant (commercial) and barren (noncommercial) types. The fluid-inclusion parameters used in this study are size, population, presence of liquid carbon dioxide, salinity, and temperature of homogenization.Economically significant pegmatites and barren pegmatites have distinctly different populations of fluid inclusions. Economic pegmatites show a preponderance of highly saline, polyphase fluid inclusions, commonly with liquid carbon dioxide; these fluid inclusions homogenize over a wide range of temperature. Their size ranges from 50 m to 10 m. On the other hand, quartz of barren pegmatites is characterized by the preponderance of vapor-rich biphase inclusions, which homogenize at a relatively narrower but higher range of temperature. Fluid inclusions that contain halite daughter crystals are rare. The average size of the fluid inclusions in barren pegmatites is smaller (5 m to 20 m). Melt inclusions are more abundant in the barren pegmatites.     

非均匀站网EOFs展开的失真性及其修正

从理论上证明，非均匀站网ＥＯＦｓ展开有不同程度的失真。在同等条件下，均匀站网与非均匀站网ＥＯＦｓ展开结果有明显差异．提出了一种附加面积权重的修正方案用以弥补非均匀站网ＥＯＦｓ展开的失真现象。实例计算表明，中国气温场（１６０站）经修正ＥＯＦｓ展开后，其气温变化主分量趋势与特征能更加客观地揭示中国地区增暖效应的局地差异。     

Scintillometer-Based Turbulent Fluxes of Sensible and Latent Heat Over a Heterogeneous Land Surface – A Contribution to Litfass-2003

The performance of a combined large aperture scintillometer (LAS) and a millimetre wave scintillometer (MWS) for estimating surface fluxes of sensible and latent heat over natural landscape is investigated, using data gathered during LITFASS-2003. For this purpose the LAS–MWS system was installed in a moderate heterogeneous landscape over a path length of 4.7 km with an effective beam height of 43 m. The derived surface fluxes have been compared with aggregated eddy-covariance (EC) measurements. The fluxes of sensible and latent heat from the LAS–MWS combination, as well as sensible heat fluxes of the single LAS, agreed fairly well with the EC-based fluxes, considering the uncertainties of the similarity stability functions and observed energy imbalance.