中蒙弧地区地震活动性及其地球动力学成因研究

应用中国地震局地球物理研究所和蒙古科学院天体和地球物理研究中心合作编制的蒙古国及邻区M≥3.5的地震目录,研究了中蒙弧地区的地震活动性特征.结果表明,与中国大陆的“南北地震带”相对应,研究区地震总体分布大致以107°E为界,呈现西强东弱的特点,7级以上的强震集中于贝加尔湖、萨彦、阿尔泰以及天山地区,107°E以东,除纬度40°线附近（燕山地震带）地震较集中且强度大之外,其它地区地震稀少,强度也低.通过断层的野外调查和本地区震源机制解,进一步研究了该地区地震活动性特征的构造应力场及地球动力学成因.研究区大部份地震都是走滑型断层活动的地震.逆断层活动的地震主要分布于中国的天山地区和中蒙边境一带的阿尔泰山地区,正断层活动的地震主要分布于俄罗斯的贝加尔湖裂谷带,走滑兼倾滑断层活动的地震主要分布在研究区域的西部地区.研究区域内的大部份地区主压应力轴（P）的倾角都小于30°,为水平或近水平的构造应力场,自西向东主压应力轴的走向从近南-北方向逐渐转为北东-南西方向.断层的野外调查、震源机制解和区域构造应力场的方向表明,中蒙弧地区主要来自西南面的印度洋板块向北偏东方向的碰撞挤压,通过青藏高原传递到本区,来自东面太平洋板块的影响已较微弱,这是研究区地震活动西强东弱、8级以上强震都发生在西部的主要原因.     

辽西地区中元古代变质岩系的初步研究

辽西地区中元古代变质表壳岩包括石英岩、千枚岩-片岩、大理岩及细粒长英质片麻岩和少量阳起石片岩,为中酸性火山活动及钙碱性玄武岩活动之后的海进型沉积旋回,显示出一套较为连续的火山-沉积系列。变质深成岩以斜长花岗质片麻岩为主体。根据同位素测年、微古植物化石分析及与地层的接触关系等,厘定它们为中元古代产物。在中元古代该区经历了大陆边缘岛弧的形成、发展过程。     

Stratigraphic constraints on suture models for eastern Indonesia

Although collision in eastern Indonesia is now accreting the Australian continent to Southeast Asia, the small North and South Banda oceanic basins within the suture zone are interpreted as Late Cenozoic extensional features. Stratigraphic columns from the surrounding islands conform to one of three generalised patterns, two of which can be related to the margins of SE Asia (Sundaland) and the Australian continent, respectively. The third system, which is dominant in the outer Banda Arc and eastern Sulawesi, is associated with a microcontinent that was rifted from Australia in the Jurassic, drifted northwards ahead of Australia in the Cretaceous and collided with the Sundaland Margin in the Paleogene. Subsequent collapse of the resulting collision orogen led to rapid extension and the formation of the Banda Sea behind the Outer Banda Arc thrust belt. Eastern Indonesia thus duplicates a pattern familiar in the Mediterranean. The Tertiary compressional structures of the region cannot be explained solely in terms of the most recent collision, which began only in the Pliocene.     

冈底斯东段泽当大型钨铜钼矿新发现及走滑型陆缘成矿新认识

冈底斯成矿带以斑岩型铜矿(伴生钼矿)为主体,通常作为挤压型陆缘岩浆弧—碰撞裂谷带斑岩成矿的典型代表而被广泛关注,但层矽卡岩型钨铜钼矿和斑岩型独立钼矿的勘查和研究却未能引起足够的重视,尤其是层矽卡岩型白钨矿的发现,填补了区带矿种的空白;在雅鲁藏布江缝合带边部发现的隐伏斑岩型钼矿,突破了挤压型陆缘成矿认识的传统误区。中国冶金地质总局新近发现的冈底斯东段则当钨铜钼矿,既是一处大型钨铜钼矿详查开发基地,又是一组统一于陆缘走滑断裂构造成矿体制作用的钨、铜、钼矿床组合,称为泽当矿田。在NWW向雅鲁藏布江缝合带陆缘走滑断裂作用下,早期(68～40.3Ma)拉分型转换构造——NEE向剥离断层,控制了层矽卡岩型钨铜钼矿的形成;在NEE向冲木达陆缘走滑断裂作用下,晚期(30.26～23.62Ma)推闭型转换构造——NWW向逆冲断层,控制了隐伏斑岩型钼矿的形成。层矽卡岩型矿床形成和改造于68～66Ma和57～40.3Ma,叠加富集于斑岩型矿床的形成阶段——30.26～23.62Ma。     

胶北地块与金成矿有关的郭家岭岩体和上庄岩体年代学及地球化学研究

胶东半岛是我国最主要的原生金矿矿集区,金矿的主要控矿围岩是郭家岭花岗岩,通过研究郭家岭花岗岩的地球化学特征对研究金矿的成因和物质来源具有指示性意义。本文研究的两个花岗岩岩体为上庄岩体和郭家岭岩体,两岩体同属郭家岭型花岗岩。通过对两岩体的花岗岩样进行岩相学矿相学观察、全岩主、微量元素和U-Pb同位素分析,获得胶东半岛中生代岩浆岩的成因机制与源区性质及自然金的产出形式等科学信息。LAICP MS锆石U-Pb年龄得出郭家岭岩体年龄125.4±2.2 Ma,上庄岩体U-Pb年龄128.8±2.0 Ma,都为中生代早白垩世,两岩体年龄相差3Ma,在年龄误差范围来看可以把两岩体作为同一期岩体,也在年龄角度证实两岩体都同属郭家岭花岗岩。两岩体的锆石组成都含有太古宙和晚侏罗纪的继承锆石,指示两岩体的成岩物质来源具相似性,都包含太古宙岩石成分和晚侏罗世花岗岩成分。两岩体具有相似的稀土元素和微量元素分配模式,表现出明显的LREE富集和HREE极度亏损,没有明显的铕负异常。郭家岭岩体和上庄岩体花岗岩都具有类似埃达克岩的特征,都具有高的Sr含量(913×10-6~1325×10-6),低的Y含量(2.2×10-6~8.4×10-6)和Yb含量(0.21×10-6~0.68×10-6),较高的(Dy/Yb)N比值1.62~2.28,暗示花岗岩岩浆形成时石榴石是一个重要的残留相,而没有斜长石作为残留相。两岩体具有较低的MgO、Cr、Ni含量和Mg#,反映郭家岭型花岗岩岩浆的形成可能是岛弧环境榴辉岩相压力条件下洋壳玄武质岩石的部分熔融。     

Evolution of the late Pleistocene Mojanda–Fuya Fuya volcanic complex (Ecuador), by progressive adakitic involvement in mantle magma sources

The Mojanda–Fuya Fuya Volcanic Complex consists of two nearby volcanoes, Mojanda and Fuya Fuya. The older one, Mojanda volcano (0.6 to 0.2 Ma), was first constructed by andesites and high-silica andesites forming a large stratovolcano (Lower Mojanda). This edifice was capped by a basaltic andesite and andesitic cone (Upper Mojanda), which collapsed later to form a 3-km-wide summit caldera, after large phreatomagmatic eruptions. The Lower Fuya Fuya edifice was constructed by the extrusion of viscous Si-rich andesitic lavas and dacitic domes, and the emission of a thick sequence of pyroclastic-flow and fallout deposits which include two voluminous rhyolitic layers. An intermediate construction phase at Fuya Fuya is represented by a mainly effusive cone, andesitic in composition (San Bartolo edifice), the construction of which was interrupted by a major sector collapse in the Late Pleistocene. Finally, a complex of thick siliceous lavas and domes was emplaced within the avalanche amphitheatre, forming the Upper Fuya Fuya volcanic centre. This paper shows that the general evolution from an effusive to an explosive eruptive style is related to a progressive adakitic contribution to the magma source. Although all the rocks of the complex are included in the medium-K field of continental arcs, the Fuya Fuya suite (61–75 wt.% SiO₂) shows depletion in Y and HREE and high Sr/Y and La/Yb values, compared to the less silicic Mojanda suite (55–66.5 wt.% SiO₂). The Mojanda calc-alkaline suite was generated by partial melting of an adakite-metasomatised mantle source that left a residue with 2% garnet, followed by fractional crystallization of dominant plagioclase + pyroxene + olivine at shallow, intra-crustal depths. For Fuya Fuya, geochemical and mineralogical data suggest either (1) partial melting of a similar metasomatised mantle with more garnet in the residue (4%), followed by fractional crystallization involving plagioclase, amphibole and pyroxene, or (2) mixing of mafic mantle-derived magma from the Mojanda suite and slab melts, followed by the same fractional crystallization process.     

氟化物固体缓冲剂-交流电弧直读发射光谱法测定化探样品中易挥发与难挥发微量元素

应用电弧直读发射光谱法测定化探样品,样品无需消解,采用固体进样的方式可以同时测定多个元素。但目前化探分析中常采用的固体缓冲剂(如焦硫酸钾、氟化钠)的电弧温度较低,只能分析银、硼、锡、铅、钼、铜等易挥发元素,而不能分析铬、锰、钛等沸点较高的难挥发性元素。本文通过碱金属控制较低的电弧温度,并利用难挥发元素能在高温条件下与氟离子发生化学反应降低其激发温度,配制了一种以氟化铝、聚三氟氯乙烯等氟化效率较高的化合物为主要成分的固体缓冲剂,通过优化分析线对的选择、曝光时间、电极形状等分析条件,实现了一次制样可同时分析地球化学样品中14种易挥发和难挥发元素。方法检出限为0.016~46.93μg/g,相对标准偏差为4.1%~12.3%,通过国家标准物质验证了准确度,测定值与标准值相符,各项参数都能满足地球化学普查规范要求。本方法分析效率高,在化探分析中具有一定的实用性。     

E5000型全谱直读型电弧发射光谱仪研制及其在地球化学样品分析中应用

在地球化学样品检测工作中,Ag、B、Sn等难分析元素通常采用传统的交流电弧发射光谱法(摄谱仪),随着地球化学样品数量的增加以及对检测结果质量要求的提高,该方法操作复杂、分析过程繁琐的问题与日常大量样品分析的矛盾日益突出,多道式电弧直读发射光谱也开始在行业内应用。本文基于先进的数字光源技术和CCD全谱型光谱仪技术,改进了电弧发生系统、分光系统和检测系统,将电弧激发光源与Paschen-Runge型全谱CCD光谱仪结合,研制了一款新型的台式全谱直读型电弧发射光谱仪E5000。E5000型电弧发射光谱仪通过激光定位结合程控电极技术,自动调整电极位置,提高了采谱过程的精度控制;利用CCD全谱技术获得了激发样品的全谱信息,可轻易实现光谱信号的背景扣除和干扰校正;且无需再次测定黑度,直接获得分析结果;同时结合内标法和标准加入法,可以进一步提高复杂基体样品的分析精准度。应用研制的光谱仪对水系沉积物和土壤样品进行检测,Ag、B、Sn元素的检出限分别达到了0.01μg/g、0.65μg/g、0.16μg/g,在分析水系沉积物、土壤时检测精密度基本小于10%,优于当前的摄谱法和多道电弧直读光谱法,满足了地球化学样品检测质量要求。     

The Loyalty—New Hebrides Arc collision: Effects on the Loyalty Ridge and basin system,Southwest Pacific (first results of the ZoNéCo programme)

The ZoNéCo 1 and 2 cruises of Ifremer's Research Vessel L'Atalante, collected new swath bathymetry and geophysical data over the southern and northern segments of the basins and ridges forming the Loyalty system. Between the two surveyed areas, previous studies found evidence for the resistance of the Loyalty Ridge to subduction beneath the New Hebrides trench near 22°S–169°E. On the subducted plate, except for seismicity related to the downbending of the Australian plate, recorded shallow seismicity is sparse within the Loyalty system (Ridge and Basin) where reliable focal mechanism solutions are almost absent.Swath bathymetry, seismic reflection and magnetic data acquired during the ZoNéCo 1 and 2 cruises revealed a transverse asymmetric morphology in the Loyalty system, and an along-strike horst and graben structure on the discontinuous Loyalty Ridge. South of 23°50S and at 20°S, the two WSW-ENE-trending fault systems, respectively, sinistral and dextral, that crosscut the southern and northern segments of the Loyalty system, are interpreted as due to the early effects of collision with the New Hebrides Arc. A NNW-SSE trend, evident along the whole Loyalty system and on the island of New Caledonia, is interpreted as an inherited structural trend that may have been reactivated through flexure of the Australian lithospheric plate at the subduction zone.Overall then, the morphology, structure and evolution of the southern and northern segments of the Loyalty system probably result from the combined effects of the Australian plate lithospheric bulge, the active Loyalty-New Hebrides collision and the overthrust of the New Caledonian ophiolite.     

Geodynamic significance of ophiolites within the Calabrian Arc

Abstract Slices of oceanic lithosphere belonging to the neo‐Tethys realm crop out discontinuously in the northern Calabrian Arc, Southern Apennines. They consist of high‐pressure–low‐temperature metamorphic ophiolitic sequences formed from metaultramafics, metabasites and alternating metapelites, metarenites, marbles and calcschist. Ophiolites occupy an intermediate position in the northern Calabrian Arc nappe pile, situated between overlying Hercynian continental crust and the underlying Apenninic limestone units. In the literature, these ophiolitic sequences are subdivided into several tectonometamorphic units. Geochemical characteristics indicate that metabasites were derived from subalkaline basalts with tholeiitic affinity (transitional mid‐oceanic ridge basalt type), and a harzburgitic‐lherzolitic protolith is suggested for the serpentinites. The pressure–temperature‐deformation paths of the metabasites from different outcrops display similar features: (i) the prograde segment follows a typical Alpine geothermal gradient up to a metamorphic climax at 350°C and 0.9 GPa and crystallization of the high‐pressure mineral assemblage occurs along a pervasive foliation developed during a compressive tectonic event; and (ii) the retrogression path can be subdivided in two segments, the first is characterized by nearly isothermal decompression to approximately 400°C and 0.3 GPa and the second follows a cooling trajectory. During low‐pressure conditions, a second deformation event produces millimetric to decametric scale asymmetric folds that describe west‐verging major structures. The third deformation event is characterized by brittle extensional structures. The tectonometamorphic evolution of the ophiolitic sequences from the different outcrops is similar. Both thermobarometric modeling and tectonic history indicate that the studied rocks underwent Alpine subduction and exhumation processes as tectonic slices inside a west‐verging accretionary wedge. The subduction of oceanic lithosphere was towards the present east; therefore, the Hercynian continental crust, overthrusted on the ophiolitic accretionary wedge after the neo‐Tethys closure, was part of the African paleomargin or a continental microplate between Africa and Europe.