Dissolved helium and TDS in groundwater from Bhavnagar in Gujarat: Unrelated to seismic events between August 2000 and January 2001

Temporal variations have been observed in both dissolved helium and TDS in the form of increase in basaltic and decrease in alluvial aquifers. The increase in basaltic aquifers has been explained by enhanced pumping of old groundwater with relatively higher concentration of dissolved helium and salt, whereas the decrease in alluvial aquifers has been explained by dilution from the post monsoon groundwater recharge. Therefore, the observed temporal variations cannot be ascribed to the contemporary enhanced seismic activity in this region since August–September 2000.     

He diffusion and (U–Th)/He thermochronometry of zircon: initial results from Fish Canyon Tuff and Gold Butte

To evaluate the potential of (U–Th)/He geochronometry and thermochronometry of zircon, we measured He diffusion characteristics in zircons from a range of quickly and slowly cooled samples, (U–Th)/He ages of zircons from the quickly cooled Fish Canyon Tuff, and age-paleodepth relationships for samples from 15 to 18 km thick crustal section of the Gold Butte block, Nevada. (U–Th)/He ages of zircons from the Fish Canyon Tuff are consistent with accepted ages for this tuff, indicating that the method can provide accurate ages for quickly cooled samples. Temperature-dependent He release from zircon is not consistent with thermally activated volume diffusion from a single domain. Instead, in most samples apparent He diffusivity decreases and activation energy (E_a) increases as cycled step-heating experiments proceed. This pattern may indicate a range of diffusion domains with distinct sizes and possibly other characteristics. Alternatively, it may be the result of ongoing annealing of radiation damage during the experiment. From these data, we tentatively suggest that the minimum E_a for He diffusion in zircon is about 44 kcal/mol, and the minimum closure temperature (T_c, for a cooling rate of 10 °C/myr) is about 190 °C. Age–paleodepth relationships from the Gold Butte block suggest that the base of the zircon He partial retention zone is at pre-exhumation depths of about 9.5–11 km. Together with constraints from other thermochronometers and a geothermal gradient derived from them in this location, the age–depth profile suggests a He T_c of about 200 °C for zircon, in reasonable agreement with our interpretation of the laboratory measurements. A major unresolved question is how and when radiation damage effects become significant for He loss from this mineral.     

Braess模型与城市网络的空间复杂化探讨

Braess交通网络模型是经典的图论模型,但该模型同时具有很强的地理学色彩。Braess借助一个简单的网络揭示了出人意料的地理现象:增加交通路线有时反而降低运输效率。从理论地理学的角度对Braess网络进行了数学抽象,然后利用规划理论、图论和微分方程解析等方法揭示出区域-城市地理系统的空间复杂化两个重要动因:空间相互作用和宏观对称破坏。     

The organizational paradox in advertising and the reconfiguration of project cooperation

In recent literature, projects are mostly seen as an efficient form of organization which is particularly suited for mastering tasks of high complexity and creativity and adapting to changing economic and institutional conditions. This paper challenges the assumption that inter-firm projects are persistent organizational arrangements of production in the advertising industry and presents a novel argument about the potential threats to forms of project organization in crisis situations. By exploring the cases of Frankfurt/Main and Leipzig (East Germany), we show that the organization of production is substantially affected by periods of economic crisis or political transformation. We demonstrate that inter-firm projects might be replaced by more durable organizational configurations or might not be viewed as viable options in situations of severe rupture. This applies particularly to the cooperative arrangements in the creative process and leads to an organizational paradox. Although creativity is often a pivotal force to gain competitive advantage, the advertising agencies respond to the challenges of crises by reducing cooperation with external partners to a minimum and sometimes fully rely on in-house personnel. This threatens the potential of the respective firms to develop innovative and creative ideas which would enable the firms to acquire new customers and market segments. Instead of trying to overcome crises by focusing on their creative capabilities, many advertising agencies develop a cost-cutting strategy and rely on more durable network-forms of organization instead of inter-firm projects.     

Degassing of primordial major energy source for hydrogen and helium as the internal terrestrial processes

Examples of the mightiest energy releases by great earthquakes and volcanic eruptions and hypotheses providing explanations for them are analyzed along with the results of some recently published researches and visualizations.The emerging conclusions are that the mechanism of the strong earthquake is a chemical explosion;that volcanic eruption is a special type of earthquake wherein the hypocenter rises to the earth-surface;and that there is an association between the seismic-volcanic processes and mantle "fluids" and the lack of energy for mantle plumes.A conceptual system of hypotheses is put forward to explain the conservation of energy during Earth’s accretion,its quasi-stable release by primordial H- and He-degassing and of the crucial role of the energy of degassing-comprisingreactions in endogenic processes.Specific mechanisms and chemical processes are proposed for the gas-liquid mantle plumes melting through the solid mantle using heat-energy released in reactions of their metamorphic and chemical transformation under gradual decrease of pressure and temperature;volcanic gases are put forward as energy carriers.He performance as a unique measuring transformer correlative to the internal heat flow was used for calculation of energy release by degassing;it equals to 5.12×10²⁰ J/yr.an amount of energy five-fold greater than the entire energy loss involved in earthquake and volcanic activity.The hypotheses proposed are objectively testable.     

北京地区大灰厂井与五里营井氦气观测资料的对比分析

对比分析了北京市地震局丰台大灰厂井和延庆五里营井的氦气观测资料,发现由于井水深度、井水类型和水温的不同,丰台大灰厂井氦气含量明显低于延庆五里营井的氦气含量;两口井氦气年变都是冬高夏低;日变形态基本一致,都表现为一峰一谷的形态;两口井氦气含量与观测环境温度负相关。     

Performance of CRONUS-P – A pyroxene reference material for helium isotope analysis

Helium isotope analyses are central to modern earth science and measured by many noble gas laboratories around the globe (Burnard, 2013; Wieler et al., 2002), spanning a wide spectrum of fundamental research – from identifying primordial reservoirs in the Earth mantle to paleoclimate reconstructions. The CRONUS-Earth initiative included the manufacturing, distribution and analysis of a pyroxene reference material (CRONUS-P) that was designed to be useful for internal reliability control of ³He measurements within a few percent and potentially for ⁴He on a higher level of uncertainty.This short paper describes the CRONUS-P material and its performance as ³He and ⁴He reference sample for noble gas laboratories. The companion paper by Blard et al. 2015 describes in depth the inter-laboratory helium isotope experiment within CRONUS-Earth.We show normalized helium isotope data of CRONUS-P measured at three different noble gas laboratories. Data from all three laboratories show no relation between helium isotope concentrations and sample mass, implying that the material is homogeneous. The data show that CRONUS-P is useful as an internal standard for ³He within better 2% (1σ) and for ⁴He within better 10%.     

Noble gas data from Goldfield and Tonopah epithermal Au-Ag deposits,ancestral Cascades Arc,USA: Evidence for a primitive mantle volatile source

The He, Ne, and Ar isotopic composition of fluid inclusions in ore and gangue minerals were analyzed to determine the source of volatiles in the high-grade Goldfield and Tonopah epithermal Au-Ag deposits in southwestern Nevada, USA. Ar and Ne are mainly atmospheric, whereas He has only a minor atmospheric component. Corrected ³He/⁴He ratios (with atmospheric He removed) range widely from 0.05 to 35.8 times the air ³He/⁴He ratio (R_A), with a median of 1.43 R_A. Forty-one percent of measured ³He/⁴He ratios are ≥4 R_A, corresponding to ≥50% mantle He assuming a mantle ratio of 8 R_A. These results suggest that mafic magmas were part of the magmatic-hydrothermal system underlying Goldfield and Tonopah, and that associated mantle-sourced volatiles may have played a role in ore formation. The three highest corrected ³He/⁴He ratios of 17.0, 23.7, and 35.8 R_A indicate a primitive mantle He source and are the highest yet reported for any epithermal-porphyry system and for the Cascades arc region. Compiled ³He/⁴He measurements from epithermal-porphyry systems in subduction-related magmatic arcs around the world (n = 209) display a statistically significant correlation between ³He/⁴He and Au-Ag grade. The correlation suggests that conditions which promote higher fluid inclusion ³He/⁴He ratios (abundance of mantle volatiles and focused upward volatile transport) have some relation to conditions that promote higher Au-Ag grades (focused flow of metal-bearing fluids and efficient chemical traps). Results of this and previous investigations of He isotopes in epithermal-porphyry systems are consistent with the hypothesis posed in recent studies that mafic magmas serve an important function in the formation of these deposits.     

天津王3井逸出氦气浓度变化特征分析

对天津王3井逸出氦气浓度日变化和年变化特征进行了分析,结果表明：①王3井逸出氦气浓度日变幅背景值在0.0012%—0.0036%之间,日变幅在冬季偏高;②在大多数观测日的10—18时左右,王3井逸出氦气浓度日变化曲线有“波谷”,但没有明显的“波峰”,但在部分观测日逸出氦气浓度日变化曲线的“波谷”却不明显,王3井逸出氦气浓度日变化形态不属于“固体潮”型;③王3井逸出氦气浓度年变化曲线呈上升的“双峰双谷”似“潮汐”形态,一般在6月、12月左右出现“波峰”,3月、9月左右出现“波谷”,相比较而言,“波峰”更显著。通过对井孔所在地的地质构造、大气温度、降水、同井孔水位、周边地热资源开采等因素的分析,笔者认为王3井逸出氦气浓度的变化基本不受大气温度、降水和同井孔水位变化的影响,主要与井孔所在地的断层活动性和周边地热资源的开采有关。