黑河干流拟建水利工程对下游生态环境的影响分析

依据典型年份实际调查资料和以往研究成果, 采用地下水均衡方法, 定量对比分析了黑河拟建水利工程对下游地区地下水资源变化趋势, 并利用Visual Modflow三维地下水非稳定流软件系统模型对下游盆地未来20 a(2008—2028年)地下水位及其生态环境变化趋势进行了预测.结果表明: 在拟建工程实施20 a后黑河下游地下水位总体上处于下降趋势, 但下降幅度呈逐年减少状态直至趋于新的动态平衡.金塔-鼎新盆地地下水位下降幅度最大的地段是黑河沿岸为0.51~0.87 m, 但由于人工农业绿洲补充, 故生态环境不会有大的改变.额济纳盆地地下水位下降幅度最大的地段是古日乃及外围, 分别为1.0 m以上和0.5~1.0 m, 将引起植被的衰亡和种群的更替变化; 大部分地段地下水位下降幅度介于0.0~0.50 m之间, 对现有的生态与环境影响不显著; 桃来三达-额济纳旗以北地下水位呈现上升趋势, 上升幅度为0.10~0.87 m, 东居延海一带上升幅度大于0.87 m, 这一地区植被长势趋于良好, 植被覆盖率会有所增加, 将形成围绕海子的天然绿洲.     

黑龙江省浅覆盖区地物化特征与找矿标志——以黑河市340高地金矿化区为例

黑龙江省黑河市340高地金矿点大地构造上位于兴安地块东北缘,多宝山Cu-Au-Mo-W-Fe成矿亚带内,其地貌为浅覆盖区,找矿较为困难。本文采用浅钻技术取样,对研究区进行基岩填图,圈定出以硅化为中心、青磐岩化为外围的蚀变矿化带。对基岩样品进行岩石地球化学分析,通过主成分分析,确定有6个主成分特征值大于1,其中第二主成分与金元素关系密切,是研究区有效的找矿标志。高精度磁测结果显示区内构造以NNW向为主,且其线性低值异常或与蚀变引起的退磁有关。对区内的地物化异常进行工程查证,发现金矿点1处,圈定预测靶区1处。     

流域水资源初始产权界定初探一以黑河流域中游为例

随着水资源短缺程度的加剧,可交易水权制度逐渐成为当今世界水资源管理制度发展的新方向.水资源初始产权是水资源管理的基础和前提.在干旱区内陆河流域,产权初始配置要在生态环境可持续的前提下,坚持公平、效益相结合的分配目标和配置原则.通过建立初始水权配置指标体系,对黑河流域进行实地问卷调查,在此基础上对用户调查结果进行专家判断修正,应用层次分析法研究了各分配指标的权重分布.以黑河流域张掖地区为例的界定结果表明,除上游的肃南县和山丹县外,其余各县市的实际用水量都超过了各自界定的初始水权,这种差别为水资源产权交易管理提供了现实依据,为开展流域上游的生态保护补偿提供了理论基础.     

GEOMORPHIC FEATURES OF THE HEIHE RIVER DRAINAGE BASIN IN WESTERN QILIAN SHAN-HEXI CORRIDOR AND ITS TECTONIC IMPLICATIONS

Using quantitative geomorphic factors for regional active tectonic evolution is becoming more and more popular. Qilian Mountains-Hexi Corridor which locates in the northern edge of Qinghai-Tibet plateau is the most leading edge of the plateau's northward extension. The uplift rate of all segments and the intensity of influence from tectonic activity are the important evidences to understand the uplift and extension of the plateau. Heihe River Basin is located at the northern piedmont of the western segment of Qilian Mountains, the development of the rivers is influenced by the tectonic activity of the Qilian Mountains, and the unique river morphology is important carriers of the regional tectonic uplift. Geomorphologic indexes such as hypsometric integral, geomorphologic comentropy and river longitudinal profiles were extracted by GIS tools with free access to the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission(SRTM)DEMs, and according to the different expression of the geomorphological indexes in the Heihe River Basin, we divided the drainage basin into two parts and further compared them to each other. Recent studies reveal that obvious differences exist in the landscape factors(hypsometric integral, geomorphology entropy and river profiles)in the east and west part of the Heihe Basin. The structural intensity of the west part is stronger than that of the east, for example, in areas above the main planation surface on the western part, the average HI value is 0.337 8, and on the eastern part the HI value is 0.355. Accordingly, areas under the main planation surface are just on the contrary, indicating different structural strength on both sides. Similar phenomenon exists in the whole drainage basins. Furthermore, by comparing the fitting river profiles with the real river profiles, differential uplift is derived, which indicates a difference between west and east(with 754m on the western part and 219m on the east). Comprehensive comparison and analysis show that the lithologic factors and precipitation conditions are less influencing on the geomorphic factors of the study area, and the tectonic activities, indicated by field investigation and GPS inversion, are the most important element for geomorphic evolution and development. The variation of the geomorphologic indexes indicates different tectonic strength derived from regional structures of the Qilian Shan.     

Water ecological function zoning in Heihe River Basin,Northwest China

Rapid urbanization coupled with increase in population growth rate in recent years has accelerated economic pressure on the ecological environment leading to a gradual deterioration of global and regional environment. This has particularly resulted into water contamination and shortage of water resources thus posing a great threat to human survival. How to guaranteeing sustainable use of basin water resources has attracted more and more attentions. The Heihe River Basin is the secondary longest river inland China and the significantly water source of Hexi Corridor, the problem of water pollution, ecological environment deterioration and the shortage of water has seriously threatened the ecological system of the Heihe River Basin. In this study, through depicting the characteristics of natural environment, human activities, water ecosystem services and other factors in Heihe River Basin we delineated the water ecological function in Heihe River using the principal components analysis and the K-means clustering method. In the study, Heihe River Basin is divided into 3 primary level areas and 8 secondary level sub-areas. Water ecological characteristics analysis showed that the spatial distribution of the water ecological function of Heihe River Basin was not uniform, which are mainly showed in three aspects, function of windproof and sand fixation, function of soil erosion prevention and function of water sources conservation. The results of this study can provide effective and scientific theoretical references for the integrated water sources management and the ecological function optimization of the Heihe River Basin.     

黑河下游额济纳绿洲环境退化及综合治理＊

黑河下游的额济纳绿洲是内蒙西部阿拉善高原的主要天然绿洲。近半个世纪特别是近１０年来,由于不合理人类活动和自然因素的双重作用,黑河下泄水量不断减少,生态环境恶化,严重影响到本地区乃至周围广大地区的持续发展。通过分析生态环境恶化的现状和原因,提出了生态环境的治理必须以水为中心,加快中游地区节水农业的发展步伐,保证下游一定量的供水,并严格控制不合理的人为活动,力争在１０～１５年内实现生态环境的良性循环。     

Effects of land‐use changes on hydrological processes in the middle basin of the Heihe River,northwest China

The effects of land‐use changes on the runoff process in the midstream plain of this arid inland river basin are a key factor in the rational allocation of water resources to the middle and lower reaches. The question is whether and by how much increasingly heavy land use impacts the hydrological processes in such an arid inland river basin. The catchment of the Heihe River, one of the largest inland rivers in the arid region of northwest China, was chosen to investigate the hydrological responses to land‐use change. Flow duration curves were used to detect trends and variations in runoff between the upper and lower reaches. Relationships among precipitation, upstream runoff, and hydrological variables were identified to distinguish the effects of climatic changes and upstream runoff changes on middle and downstream runoff processes. The quantitative relation between midstream cultivated land use and various parameters of downstream runoff processes were analysed using the four periods of land‐use data since 1956. The Volterra numerical function relation of the hydrological non‐linear system response was utilized to develop a multifactor hydrological response simulation model based on the three factors of precipitation, upstream runoff, and cultivated land area. The results showed that, since 1967, the medium‐ and high‐coverage natural grassland area in the midstream region has decreased by 80·1%, and the downstream runoff has declined by 27·32% due to the continuous expansion of the cultivated land area. The contribution of cultivated land expansion to the impact on the annual total runoff is 14–31%, on the annual, spring and winter base flow it is 44–75%, and on spring and winter discharge it is 23–64%. Once the water conservation plan dominated by land‐use structural adjustments is implemented over the next 5 years, the mean annual discharge in the lower reach could increase by 8·98% and the spring discharge by 26·28%. This will significantly alleviate the imbalance between water supply and demand in both its quantity and temporal distribution in the middle and lower reaches. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spatiotemporal variations of maximum seasonal freeze depth in 1950s–2007 over the Heihe River Basin, Northwest China

Investigation on spatiotemporal variations of maximum seasonal freeze depth （MSFD） over the Heihe River Basin is of great importance for systematic understanding of regional climate and environmental change, ecological-hydrological processes, water resources assessment, construction and resource development. Based on soil and air temperatures at the meteorological stations of the China Meteorological Administration （CMA） over the Heihe River Basin, MSFDs time series are structured into a composite time series over the 1960-2007 period. Evaluating the averaged MSFD time series for 1960 2007 reveals a statistically significant trend of 4.0 cm/decade or a net change of-19.2 cm for the 48-year period over the basin. The MSFD had significantly negative correlation with mean annual air temperature （MAAT）, winter air temperature, mean annual ground surface temperature （MAGST）, degree days of thawing for the air （DDTa） as well as for the surface （DDTs）, and degree days of freezing for the surface （DDFs）. While there was significantly positive correlation between DDF,. and MSFD time series, MSFD was deeper and changed greatly in the Heihe River source area. It was shallower in the east-central basin and gradually deepened in other sections of the basin. The MSFD distribution pattern in 2003-2005 is consistent with that of averaged degree days of freezing for air （DDFa） in 1960-2007. However, the maximum of MSFD may not be accurate, because there is no long term observation data in the deep seasonally frozen ground regions near the lower boundary of permafrost. With increasing elevation, averaged DDFa increased at a rate of 51.6 ℃-day/100m, therefore, the MSFG and the date reaching MSFG became deeper and later, respectively.