Derelict fishing gear in the northwestern Hawaiian Islands: diving surveys and debris removal in 1999 confirm threat to coral reef ecosystems

Marine debris threatens Northwestern Hawaiian Islands' (NWHI) coral reef ecosystems. Debris, a contaminant, entangles and kills endangered Hawaiian monk seals (Monachus schauinslandi), coral, and other wildlife. We describe a novel multi-agency effort using divers to systematically survey and remove derelict fishing gear from two NWHI in 1999. 14 t of derelict fishing gear were removed and debris distribution, density, type and fouling level documented at Lisianski Island and Pearl and Hermes Atoll. Reef debris density ranged from 3.4 to 62.2 items/km². Trawl netting was the most frequent debris type encountered (88%) and represented the greatest debris component recovered by weight (35%), followed by monofilament gillnet (34%), and maritime line (23%). Most debris recovered, 72%, had light or no fouling, suggesting debris may have short oceanic circulation histories. Our study demonstrates that derelict fishing gear poses a persistent threat to the coral reef ecosystems of the Hawaiian Archipelago.     

霍景涅里辛沙漠地下水化学和同位素特征

在综合分析地质条件基础上,运用水化学及同位素技术,并结合现场调查及室内分析的方法,对霍景涅里辛沙漠地下水进行研究,分析了研究区地下水化学及稳定同位素特征,讨论了地下水的矿化过程及影响因素,确定了沙漠区地下水的补给来源。结果表明：沙漠区潜水中各离子组分平均值均大于承压水,潜水的溶解性总固体（TDS）平均值远大于承压水,说明潜水的蒸发作用大于承压水;控制潜水中主要离子成分的作用主要为溶解作用、交替吸附作用以及蒸发作用,控制承压水中主要离子成分的作用主要为溶解作用;沙漠区潜水与承压水具有一定的水力联系;地下水的补给来源主要为山区冰雪融水及降水,潜水的补给高程为1 370m,承压水的补给高程为1 650m。     

夏威夷群岛东南海域多金属结核的物源特征及其对古海水、亚洲季风信息的记录

为深入探讨夏威夷群岛东南海域结核的物源特征及其所记录的古海水、亚洲季风信息,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)、X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)、电子探针(EPMA)方法,对来源于原地质矿产部和国家海洋局"海洋四号"科考船DY85-1航次采集的研究区的4块多金属结核样品进行了详细的元素地球化学分析测试,并对分析结果进行了Fe-Mn-[(Cu+Ni)×10]、Fe-Mn-[(Cu+Co+Ni)×10]图解与元素间相关性分析。结果表明,结核中的成矿元素直接来源于海水;应用Co含量经验公式、结合Mn/Fe值计算方法对其生长速率进行验证,得到结核的Fe/Mn、Al/(Fe+Mn)值变化曲线与太平洋底栖有孔虫的δ18O曲线、亚洲内陆粉尘通量曲线呈现出相似的变化趋势,表明多金属结核可作为古海水氧化程度及亚洲季风演化研究的新载体。