热带西太平洋水位的年际变化与ENSO事件

根据美国ＴＯＧＡ水位中心所提供的１９７５—１９８８年水位月平均资料，分析、讨论了热带西太平洋水位的年际变化特征，特别是与ＥＮＳＯ事件有关的低水位现象。此外，还重点叙述了１９８６—１９８７年ＥＮＳＯ事件中水位沿经向和赤道剖面的变化，以及与此有关的赤道流系的变化。文中还定性地讨论了赤道开尔文波沿赤道剖面的传播特性。     

南岭局地小地形背风坡增雾作用的分析

对南岭地区乐昌站和乳源站1968—1998年31年的雾日气候资料进行了统计分析,对比分析发现,在背风坡雾产生的日数明显较多,即南岭地区存在显著的小地形背风坡雾现象。同时,利用CSU—RAMS中尺度数值模式进一步研究局地小地形背风坡雾的作用,模拟结果表明,小地形动力作用对背风坡雾有重要影响。     

Response of mode water and Subtropical Countercurrent to greenhouse gas and aerosol forcing in the North Pacific

The response of the North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water and Subtropical Countercurrent (STCC) to changes in greenhouse gas (GHG) and aerosol is investigated based on the 20th-century historical and single-forcing simulations with the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Climate Model version 3 (GFDL CM3). The aerosol effect causes sea surface temperature (SST) to decrease in the mid-latitude North Pacific, especially in the Kuroshio Extension region, during the past five decades (1950–2005), and this cooling effect exceeds the warming effect by the GHG increase. The STCC response to the GHG and aerosol forcing are opposite. In the GHG (aerosol) forcing run, the STCC decelerates (accelerates) due to the decreased (increased) mode waters in the North Pacific, resulting from a weaker (stronger) front in the mixed layer depth and decreased (increased) subduction in the mode water formation region. The aerosol effect on the SST, mode waters and STCC more than offsets the GHG effect. The response of SST in a zonal band around 40°N and the STCC to the combined forcing in the historical simulation is similar to the response to the aerosol forcing.     

Particle export within cyclonic Hawaiian lee eddies derived from Pb–Po disequilibrium

Particle export from the upper waters of the oligotrophic ocean may play a crucial role in the global carbon cycle. Mesoscale eddies have been hypothesized to inject new nutrients into oligotrophic surface waters, thereby increasing new production and particle export in otherwise nutrient deficient regimes. The E-Flux Program was a large multidisciplinary project designed to investigate the physical, biological and biogeochemical characteristics of cold-core cyclonic eddies that form in the lee of the Hawaiian Islands. There, we investigated particle dynamics using ²¹⁰Pb–²¹⁰Po disequilibrium. Seawater samples for ²¹⁰Pb and ²¹⁰Po were collected both within (IN) and outside (OUT) of two cyclones, Noah and Opal, at different stages of their evolution as well as from the eddy generation region. Particulate carbon (PC), particulate nitrogen (PN) and biogenic silica (bSiO₂) export fluxes were determined using water-column PC, PN, and bSiO₂ inventories and the residence times of ²¹⁰Po. PC and PN fluxes at 150 m ranged from 1.58±0.10 to 1.71±0.16 mmol C m⁻² d⁻¹ and 0.22±0.02 to 0.30±0.02 mmol N m⁻² d⁻¹ within Cyclones Opal and Noah. PC and PN fluxes at OUT stations sampled during both cruises were of similar magnitudes, 1.69±0.16 to 1.67±0.16 mmol C m⁻² d⁻¹ and 0.30±0.03 to 0.26±0.03 mmol N m⁻² d⁻¹. The bSiO₂ fluxes within Cyclone Opal were 0.157±0.010 mmol Si m⁻² d⁻¹ versus 0.025±0.002 mmol Si m⁻² d⁻¹ at OUT stations. These results of minimal PC and PN export, but significant eddy-induced bSiO₂ fluxes, agree very well with other studies that used a variety of direct and indirect methods. Thus, our results suggest that using elemental inventories and residence times of ²¹⁰Po is another independent and robust method for determining particle export and should be investigated more fully.     

一种改进的SAR影像斑点噪声抑制方法

合成孔径雷达(SAR)影像的应用越来越广泛,但斑点噪声很大程度上影响了SAR的应用。本文首先研究了常用斑点噪声滤波方法,在此基础上,将中值滤波与常用的Lee,Frost,Kuan滤波结合。实验结果表明,该方法在斑点噪声抑制及边缘保持上明显优于传统的滤波方法。     

A tribute to Edward Perry Glenn (1947–2017), who created a legacy of environmental assessment and applications within hydrological processes

This issue of Hydrological Processes is dedicated to Dr. Edward P. Glenn, a frequent contributor to the journal, who suddenly passed away in late 2017. The articles within this volume are by a number of his former co-authors and others who have been greatly influenced by his professional work on hydrological processes.     

Dominant spatial variability scales from observations around the Hawaiian Islands

We utilize a variety of available observations with a semivariogram technique to quantify the oceanic variability around the Hawaiian Islands. The Hawaiian Islands have a significant impact on the North Pacific circulation, and quantifying the characteristics of the variability is important for understanding the eddy energy, as well as required for statistical techniques to work with the data, such as optimal interpolation, data assimilation, etc. Both satellite sea surface height and temperature data are used to determine horizontal scales of variability, while Argo profiles, ship-borne profiles, and autonomous Seagliders provide estimates of the vertical scales. In the lee of the islands, satellite data reveal an increase in horizontal variability attributed to enhanced eddy activity that persists for over 1000 km westward; however, only within 400 km of the immediate lee the horizontal length scales are greatly reduced. Further west, length scales increase significantly indicating a change in the generation mechanism for eddy variability and where eddies merge and coalesce. The meridional length scale gradient is found to be larger than previous results and more representative of the gradient of the first baroclinic mode of the internal Rossby radius. Vertical length scales are shown to increase in the lee, with vertical temperature variability doubled from the windward side.     

霍景涅里辛沙漠地下水化学和同位素特征

在综合分析地质条件基础上,运用水化学及同位素技术,并结合现场调查及室内分析的方法,对霍景涅里辛沙漠地下水进行研究,分析了研究区地下水化学及稳定同位素特征,讨论了地下水的矿化过程及影响因素,确定了沙漠区地下水的补给来源。结果表明：沙漠区潜水中各离子组分平均值均大于承压水,潜水的溶解性总固体（TDS）平均值远大于承压水,说明潜水的蒸发作用大于承压水;控制潜水中主要离子成分的作用主要为溶解作用、交替吸附作用以及蒸发作用,控制承压水中主要离子成分的作用主要为溶解作用;沙漠区潜水与承压水具有一定的水力联系;地下水的补给来源主要为山区冰雪融水及降水,潜水的补给高程为1 370m,承压水的补给高程为1 650m。     

N523-TBP-磺化煤油萃取体系从饱和氯化镁卤水中萃取锂的工艺研究

进行了以20%N523-30%TBP-50%磺化煤油萃取体系从青海高镁锂比盐湖卤水中萃取锂的工艺研究。根据相比实验求得萃取平衡等温线,通过阶梯图解法确定萃取理论级数为三级,并完成了三级逆流萃取串级实验。通过对洗涤、反萃、转相工艺进行的研究,确定了全流程八级萃取工艺。经此流程,锂的萃取率达96%,反萃液中杂质含量低,萃取剂经过多次循环无溶损,萃取性能良好,萃取过程分相快,未见三相及乳化现象。     

Variabilities of surface current in the tropical Pacific Ocean

The Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA) package is used to better understand the variabilities of surface current transport in the Tropical Pacific Ocean from 1950 to 1999. Seasonal variation, internnual and decadal variability analyses are conducted on the three major surface currents of the Tropical Pacific Ocean: the North Equatorial Current (NEC), the North Equatorial Countecurrent (NECC), and the South Equatorial Current (SEC). The transport of SEC is quite larger than those of NEC and NECC. The SEC has two maximums in February and August. The NEC has a small annual variation. The NECC has a maximum in October and is very weak in March and April. All currents have remarkable interannual and decadal variabilities. The variabilities of the NEC and the SEC related to the winds over them well, but the relationship between the NECC and the wind over it is not close. Analysis related to El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) suggests that before El Niño (La Niña) the SEC is weaker (stronger) and the NECC is stronger (weaker), after El Niño (La Niña) the SEC is stronger (weaker) and the SEC is weaker (stronger). There is no notable relationship between the NEC and ENSO.