Observation of edge waves trapped on the continental shelf in the vicinity of Makurazaki Harbor, Kyushu, Japan

Sea-bottom pressure gauges were used to measure sea levels at two points on the shelf off the southern coast of Satsuma Peninsula, Kyushu, Japan. Spectral analysis of the observed records and the tide-gauge record of Makurazaki Harbor revealed several predominant common peaks. At the same time, the eigenmodes for the trapped waves on the shelf and inside Makurazaki Bay were obtained numerically using a two-dimensional model, and the periods and the spatial distribution of amplitudes of the proper modes were obtained. A comparison of the calculated modes with the periods and phase patterns of the observed peaks clarified that peaks with periods of 19.5, 16, 13.3, and 12.2 minutes in the shelf region were the modes of standing-edge waves, and the peak with the period of 16 minutes in Makurazaki Harbor was the fundamental mode of the harbor. Among the modes of standing-edge waves, the mode of the period 16 minutes on the shelf had nearly the same period as that of the fundamental mode of Makurazaki Harbor. An analysis of changes of spectral densities of these two modes confirmed that the fundamental mode of the Makurazaki Harbor was induced by this standing-wave mode.     

Microbial diversity in polluted harbor sediments II: Sulfate-reducing bacterial community assessment using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism and clone library of dsrAB gene

Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) are important regulators of a variety of processes in coastal marine sediments regarding organic matter turnover, biodegradation of pollutants, and sulfur and carbon cycles. Yet their community compositions have not been investigated in polluted harbor sediments. This study described the diversity and spatial variation of SRB communities in surface sediments in Victoria Harbor, Hong Kong. The spatial variation of SRB communities was described by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP). The results showed that the most diversified terminal restriction fragments were found at polluted sites. In addition, cluster analysis indicated that although the SRB communities were different at the two polluted sites, they were still more similar to each other than to the two more distant reference sites. Based on a dsrAB clone library constructed at a polluted site, diversified SRB were found, represented by 30 Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs). Upon comparisons among the SRB sequences detected from this study and those in the GenBank, five clades of SRB were found. Three clades belonged to the known families Desulfobacteraceae, Desulfobulbaceae, and Syntrophobacteriaceae. The majority of sequenced clones, which distantly related to sequences in the GenBank, constituted the remaining two unclassified groups, suggesting unique SRB members related to the polluted harbor environment. Statistical analyses indicated that estimated SRB richness correlated with environment factors such as sulfur content, acid volatile sulfate, and redox potential.     

潮流作用下洋山港水域悬沙和底沙的交换

通过对泥沙起动流速、淤积流速和不淤流速的计算,划定了悬沙和底沙交换的各个时段,提出了冲刷悬沙浓度、淤积悬沙浓度和不淤悬沙浓度的概念及其计算方法;继而导出了潮流作用下悬沙和底沙在交换层面上单位面积的日交换量计算式,并用于洋山港水域的冲淤计算。结果表明:自然状况下洋山港水域北部年淤积量为37.5 kg/m2,淤高了1.77 cm/a,属微淤;中部年冲刷量为10.0 kg/m2左右,刷深不超过0.52 cm/a,可认为冲淤平衡;南部年冲刷量为55.5 kg/m2,刷深了2.60 cm/a,属微冲。这一结果与该水域海床的自然冲淤状况相吻合。     

从断裂带内部结构出发评价断层垂向封闭性的方法

脆性断层和塑性断层断裂带内部结构存在差异: 脆性断层断裂带由以断层岩和伴生裂缝为特征的破碎带和诱导裂缝带2部分组成; 塑性断层断裂带表现为几条充填断层泥大裂缝的组合, 诱导裂缝带不发育.破碎带内部伴生裂缝、无粘结力断层岩带和诱导裂缝带都可能成为油气运移的通道, 只有这3种通道均封闭, 脆性断层垂向才是封闭的.只要伴生裂缝封闭, 塑性断层就是封闭的.基于这种封闭机理, 分析了3种通道封闭的条件: 无粘结力断层岩带是否封闭取决于断层泥含量大小; 破碎带内部伴生裂缝的封闭性取决于断面压力和断层泥塑性强度关系; 诱导裂缝带封闭程度受控于后期成岩充填的程度.提出了利用断面压力、断层泥的含量和塑性强度、后期成岩程度综合判定不同性质断层垂向封闭性评价方法.并利用该方法对克拉2构造F₁断层垂向封闭性进行了评价, 结果表明F₁断层垂向封闭性具有分段性: ①和③段均表现为脆性, 但①段因诱导裂缝没有被充填不封闭, ③段是封闭的; ②段是塑性断层, 垂向封闭性好.这是克拉2构造有大规模天然气聚集成藏的关键因素之一.      

油气运移基础理论与油气勘探

在非均质地层中, 烃类的扩散流和体积流可以同时存在并可相互转换.扩散流有助于烃类从源岩中排出, 并通过流动方式的转变直接参与油气的聚集成藏.在致密泥岩层中, 扩散流和体积流的计算流速分别为4~18 m/Ma和3~15 m/Ma, 几乎没有差别, 说明泥岩中的流动也可以用达西公式来表述.虽然油气的浮力流和渗流都是地下多孔介质中的流动, 但油气在水中上浮不呈连续相流动.因此不要求也不能用达西公式表述临界运移饱和度和相对渗透率.优势运移通道和有效运移空间是2个不同的概念, 前者是指油气运移的主要方向, 后者是指地层中真正发生了油气运移的空间.大约有70%的油气藏位于优势运移通道上, 而在运载层中有效运移通道空间约占总孔隙空间的5%~10%.圈闭的封盖强度与闭合度有3种不同的组合类型, 它们是世界上油气分布的主控因素.根据研究和统计, 世界石油储量的半衰期约为29 Ma, 大油田的中值年龄约为35 Ma.根据烃类的微渗漏流量计算, 中-大型油气藏的平均自然年龄约为50~100 Ma.      

封存箱与油气成藏作用

自然界的任何一种作用都是在一定的物质结构中发生的 ,油气成藏作用在相当多的情况下是与封存箱结构有非常密切关系的。封存箱这种地质结构在沉积盆地中 ,尤其是盆地的深部相当广泛地存在。它不仅是流体的分隔体 ,而且也分隔着不同的能量区。具有异常压力的封存箱比较容易认同 ,实际上正常压力的封存箱也是其重要的类型。自源式封存箱及靠近其顶板封隔层箱外的勘探目标常常是大、中型油气藏形成和分布的主要结构类型 ,在其箱内和临近其顶板封隔层的箱外是油气的有利富集地带。把封存箱的研究作为油气勘探决策程序的一个环节 ,找到大、中型的油气藏的几率将会大大地提高。塔里木盆地已经发现了各种类型的封存箱和在封存箱不同部位的大中型油气藏 ,它们构成了比较完整的封存箱系列和油气成藏模式。     

涪陵页岩气田生产套管防漏堵漏技术对策与实践

页岩气生产井投产前,都要进行大规模分段压裂,生产套管必须能承受不低于90 MPa的施工压力。2013年涪陵工区试验井组相继出现2口井稳不住压现象,导致长水平段分段压裂的储层改造工艺受限,该问题一时成为制约涪陵页岩气田钻井生产和质量的一大“瓶颈”。为此,从生产套管设计、施工、治理3个方面进行了防漏堵漏技术措施研究,并取得一些进展,较好地满足了页岩气高效开发的需要。本文介绍了涪陵页岩气一期产建套管防漏堵漏对策与实践成果,为国内类似页岩气区块的开发提供借鉴和参考。     

油页岩原位注浆封闭浆液配方研究

油页岩在原位开采过程中,开采井与周围环境相通,原位产生的油气容易渗入周围地层形成环境污染,目前尚没有一种经济性较好的原位封闭技术来解决该难题。本文基于注浆封闭原理,通过试验探究,提出采用无污染且造价低的超细水泥注浆配方来对开采区进行封闭。经过系列配方的优化选择,最终确定优化的配方是水灰比为0.8,微硅粉掺量为6%,膨润土掺量为2%,聚羧酸减水剂掺量为0.4%,此时浆液的性能基本达到工程要求。     

广西珍珠港红树林湿地保护与恢复对策

结合广西珍珠港红树林湿地保护与恢复工程项目的实施,分析了项目实施过程中存在的主要问题,探讨了广西珍珠港红树林湿地保护与恢复对策。     

厦门港的中华白海豚：Ⅰ.外部形态和内脏器官

１９９７年月２４日至７月４日在厦门港获４只死亡的中华白海豚Ｓｏｕｓａ ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ，雌，雄成体各１只，未长牙齿的，雌雄幼体各１只。对其体色及外部形态进行观察，并测定体长，体重，体围，鳍和齿式等２９个项目。进行解剖，测定脂肪厚度，心，肺，胃肠肝，肾和睾丸等内脏器官及胃含物。