High-frequency acoustic backscattering characteristics for acoustic detection of the red tide species Akashiwo sanguinea and Alexandrium affine

Harmful algal blooms (HABs), caused by the overgrowth of certain phytoplankton species, have negative effects on marine environments and coastal fisheries. In addition to cell-counting methods using phytoplankton nets, a hydroacoustic technique based on acoustic backscattering has been proposed for the detection of phytoplankton blooms. However, little is known of the acoustic properties of HAB species. In this study, as essential data to support this technique, we measured the acoustic properties of two HAB species, Akashiwo sanguinea and Alexandrium affine, which occur in the South Sea off the coast of Korea. Due to the small size of the target, we used ultrasound for the measurements. Experiments were conducted under laboratory and field conditions. In the laboratory experiment, the acoustic signal received from each species was directly proportional to the cell abundance. We derived a relationship between the cell abundance and acoustic signal received for each species. The measured signals were compared to predictions of a fluid sphere scattering model. When A. sanguinea blooms appeared at an abundance greater than 3 500 cells/mL, the acoustic signals varied with cell abundance, showing a good correlation. These results confirm that acoustic measurements can be used to detect HAB species.     

Discussion about mechanism of harmful algal blooms breakout

HAB (harmful algal bloom) is a serious marine ecological disaster. Up to now there is no definite conclusion about its mechanism of occurrence.The observation results show that the HAB breakout in the Xiangshan Bay was mainly caused by physical convergence capacity,and the breakout process had no direct relation to eutrophication.As a new idea it is thought that the process of the HAB breakout is mainly a physical convergence or accumulation process in some areas. A hypothesis about dynamic mechanism of the HAB appearing in the area off the Changjiang Estuary is put forward according to hydrology and topography and the past work, and a breakthrough is expected to be made for doing further research.     

春季东海有害藻华高发区仔稚鱼时空分布

根据2011年春季(3月29日—5月27日)海洋综合调查,对东海有害藻华高发水域(28°15′36″~30°30′16″N、121°52′36″~123°15′6″E)的仔稚鱼种类组成、时空分布以及主要优势种与环境因子的相关性进行了探讨。调查共采集到仔稚鱼27种,前几位优势种分别为日本鳀Engraulis japonicus、鰕虎科sp.(Gobiidae sp.)、六丝钝尾鰕虎Amblychaeturichthys hexanema、小黄鱼Larimichthys polyactis,该4种占据了总丰度的91.23%。优势种丰度和发育阶段组成的时空变化显示,日本鳀在调查期间有两次产卵小高峰,其仔鱼孵化后向岸漂流;小黄鱼和六丝钝尾鰕虎在此期间只有一次产卵高峰,其仔鱼在舟山群岛邻近水域进行保育。可以看出,调查水域及邻近水域是部分鱼类产卵,仔稚鱼保育、向岸漂流的场所或途径,是鱼类早期生活史中重要生境,一旦暴发有害藻华,补充群体将受到不良影响。多元分析结果显示,所选环境因子对几位优势种仔稚鱼的分布影响不大,推测产卵场位置和保育方式可能是更重要的原因。     

加权基因共表达网络探究链状亚历山大藻爆发性生长的分子机制

链状亚历山大藻(Alexandrium pacificum)作为典型的产毒赤潮甲藻,分布广泛,而对其爆发性生长的研究将有助于探究由其引发的赤潮的分子机制。本研究通过模拟赤潮爆发的条件对链状亚历山大藻进行表达谱测序,利用表达谱测序后得到的基因表达量数据,采用加权基因共表达网络(WGCNA)构建方法探究链状亚历山大藻的爆发性生长的分子机制。通过计算基因间表达量的相关性得到了35个基因共表达模块,将基因共表达模块与链状亚历山大藻爆发性生长性状相关联,在爆发性生长阶段,有6个显著性相关的模块,基于KEGG及GO功能富集分析,这些模块涉及蛋白质的加工合成、核糖体的合成,电子传递,碳水化合物代谢等过程,表明了细胞代谢能力的提升,为细胞增殖提供了物质基础。此外有大量的未知功能的枢纽基因被发现,基因模块可以用于推测这些基因的功能,从而为以后挖掘新基因,探究潜在的调控机制提供了基础。     

基于生态系统的赤潮综合治理研究

文中综述了生态系统管理的概念以及原则,并在此基础上提出了基于生态系统管理的赤潮灾害综合防治策略。