赤潮综合集成预警系统的设计与开发

针对赤潮灾害日益严重的情况,文中提出了赤潮综合集成预警系统设计方案与实现流程。该系统包括预测预警信息系统、预测预警决策系统以及预测预警应急系统三部分。该预警系统的建立,将可以有效的预测赤潮的发生从而降低赤潮造成的损失。     

Toxicity Study of Anti-HABs Agents on Penaeus chinensis

In order to study the effect of anti-HABs agents on Penaeus chinensis, the toxicity experiments on clay, Ca(ClO)2, FeCl3, and AlCl3 to Penaeus chinensis are carried out. The results show that: (1) the clay isn't toxic to Penaeus chinensis; (2) Ca(ClO)2 has no toxicity to Penaeus chinensis at low levels, but has acute and chronic toxicity at high levels; (3) Penaeus chinensis can accumulate Fe and Al. The toxic effect needs further study.     

海水养殖池塘赤潮危害的应急治理措施

由于近海水域生态环境因素的变化 ,赤潮生物常常侵袭到海水养殖池塘中 ,给养殖业造成严重威胁。根据多次处理海水养殖池塘受赤潮生物危害的经验 ,对赤潮的认识、常用赤潮治理药物的使用、赤潮生物大量形成后的处理方法作一些简要介绍。     

基于CBR的智能赤潮预测预警系统研究

基于实例推理机制(CBR),综合运用人工神经网络、知识发现、模糊逻辑及赤潮生态动力学模型库,考虑了影响赤潮发生的因素的多样性与随机性,建立了一个基于实例推理的智能赤潮预测预警系统。     

The toxic benthic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis ovata: quantification of proliferation along the coastline of Genoa, Italy

Toxic harmful algal bloom (HAB) occurrence is becoming more frequent and problematic in highly urbanized coastal zones. In summer 2005 along the urbanized Genoa coastline (Ligurian Sea, North western Mediterranean Sea), local first aid stations treated about 200 people, who all showed similar symptoms following exposure to marine aerosols. The link with proliferation of Ostreopsis ovata was made, and it highlighted for the first time, the risks that benthic HABs may represent in highly urbanised temperate areas. Subsequently, a specific monitoring plan was designed and implemented in the same area in July 2006, before the first signs of Ostreopsis proliferation were detected. Here we report on this quantification of an Ostreopsis ovata bloom in the Ligurian Sea. Cells were quantified both in the water column and in the epiphytic community on macrophytes. Our results suggest a role of sea water temperature and weather conditions in favouring bloom development.     

回顾与展望:关于有害藻华种类休眠体通过船舶压舱水底泥地理扩散的研究

船舶压舱水可引起外来生物入侵,国际海事组织(International Maritime Organization, IMO)因此制定了具有约束力的压舱水公约,已于2019年1月对我国正式生效。大量研究证明船舶压舱泥是有害藻华种类特别是有害甲藻孢囊的携带者。另一方面,有害藻华在我国近三十年频发,尤其是新的种类不断出现。因此,这种态势是否与压舱泥带来的外来种入侵有关是一个具有重要科学和现实意义的问题。我们最近的工作表明,此前国内外通过形态学方法对压舱泥的检测都大大地低估了甲藻孢囊的种类多样性和样品间种类组成的异质性。因此,必须通过更深入全面的实证研究对外源有害藻华甲藻通过压舱泥入侵我国海域进行风险评估。本文从如下几个方面进行了综述与讨论：(1) 船舶压舱水(泥)与有害藻华地理扩散;(2) 国内外有关压舱泥中甲藻孢囊多样性的检测与溯源研究;(3) 我们对美国港口船舶压舱泥的检测发现压舱泥中甲藻孢囊具有很高的种类多样性和样品间的异质性。最后从我们最近的工作及与文献报道的工作比较获得了几个重要的科学问题。在评述国内外研究成果和前期研究结果基础上,提出有必要通过更大量、广泛的国际船舶压舱泥和中国全海域沉积物取样、高通量测序的分子鉴定与形态观察、单孢囊分子-形态鉴定、孢囊萌发、全面生信分析相结合的技术路线,实证性地评估有害藻华种类通过压舱泥入侵中国的风险,并以此建立对新出现藻华种类溯源或判断是否外来种入侵的基本依据,同时为海关职能部门的检验执法提供依据。     

Pseudo-nitzschia spp. (Bacillariophyceae) and dissolved organic matter (DOM) dynamics in the Ebro Delta (Alfacs Bay, NW Mediterranean Sea)

Samples were collected during one annual cycle (April 2007–March 2008) at Alfacs Bay (NW Mediterranean Sea) central station in order to assess the influence of organic nutrients in the growth of the microalgae assemblage, with special reference to Pseudo-nitzschia spp. This potentially toxic diatom forms natural and recurrent blooms in the study area. To assess further the relationship between Pseudo-nitzschia spp. and nutrients an enrichment experiment with high molecular weight dissolved organic matter (HMWDOM) was performed with field samples obtained during a Pseudo-nitzschia spp. bloom. HMWDOM was extracted from water collected at Alfacs Bay. Five bioassays were prepared: N + P (seawater with addition of nitrate and phosphate), DOM (addition of HMWDOM), (−N + P) + DOM (nitrogen deficient, with addition of phosphate and HMWDOM), (N + P) + DOM (addition of nitrate, phosphate and HMWDOM), seawater control (without added nutrients), and B + DOM (control of bacteria, without microalgae). The experiment was run in batch mode over 4 days. Results from the field study revealed that the concentrations of organic nutrients mostly surpassed the inorganic pool. Pseudo-nitzschia spp. was the most frequent and abundant taxa of the microalgae community. The micro-planktonic assemblage was arranged according to a seasonal factor (ANOSIM and cluster analysis). DON, nitrate and silicate were the most important abiotic parameters contributing to the dissimilarities between seasons (SIMPER analysis) and thereby potentially influencing the seasonal distribution of microalgae in the representative station. In the experimental investigation, Pseudo-nitzschia cells increased by the end of the experiment in the DOM bioassay but no respective increase was observed for chlorophyll a. This could point to an acquisition of nutrients through the DOM fraction that would conjointly reduce the need of chlorophyll a. The data obtained suggest that organic nutrients may exert an important role in the development of microalgae, including Pseudo-nitzschia spp., in the selected location.     

2011年春季东海赤潮高发区尿素分布特征及影响因素

2011年春季(3-5月)在东海赤潮高发区硅藻和甲藻赤潮暴发及演替过程中进行了3个航次的现场调查,通过对调查资料的分析,对该海域尿素的含量变化、平面分布特征及影响因素进行了初步探讨。结果表明:调查海域尿素的含量在检出限~6.32μmol/L范围内,平均浓度为(1.33±0.84)μmol/L,是该海域一种重要的溶解有机氮组分。其中,在DIN中所占比例8.73%~18.04%,在DON中所占比例5.63%~15.73%。赤潮的暴发对尿素含量和分布影响较大,能够影响并控制该海区尿素的实际浓度水平和分布特征。其中,硅藻赤潮暴发前后尿素和DIN含量下降百分比分别为36.67%和49.88%,甲藻赤潮暴发前后尿素和DIN含量下降百分比分别为8.78%和28.97%。硅藻赤潮期,尿素的高值区和叶绿素高值区一致,其含量明显高于正常海区;甲藻赤潮期,叶绿素的高值区对应着尿素低值区,赤潮区内尿素含量普遍降低至1μmol/L以下,尿素是一种能够被研究海区甲藻类浮游植物吸收利用的有效氮源。在调查海域大规模硅藻和甲藻赤潮暴发和演替期间,尿素的平面分布上未呈现明显的近岸低、远岸高的分布特点,与盐度数值没有明显的相关性,该时期陆源输入不是影响该海域尿素分布的主要因素。     

High-frequency acoustic backscattering characteristics for acoustic detection of the red tide species Akashiwo sanguinea and Alexandrium affine

Harmful algal blooms (HABs), caused by the overgrowth of certain phytoplankton species, have negative effects on marine environments and coastal fisheries. In addition to cell-counting methods using phytoplankton nets, a hydroacoustic technique based on acoustic backscattering has been proposed for the detection of phytoplankton blooms. However, little is known of the acoustic properties of HAB species. In this study, as essential data to support this technique, we measured the acoustic properties of two HAB species, Akashiwo sanguinea and Alexandrium affine, which occur in the South Sea off the coast of Korea. Due to the small size of the target, we used ultrasound for the measurements. Experiments were conducted under laboratory and field conditions. In the laboratory experiment, the acoustic signal received from each species was directly proportional to the cell abundance. We derived a relationship between the cell abundance and acoustic signal received for each species. The measured signals were compared to predictions of a fluid sphere scattering model. When A. sanguinea blooms appeared at an abundance greater than 3 500 cells/mL, the acoustic signals varied with cell abundance, showing a good correlation. These results confirm that acoustic measurements can be used to detect HAB species.