自动连续称重式集沙仪设计及野外应用

集沙仪是定量监测风沙活动的重要工具。设计了一种自动连续称重式集沙仪,可以根据试验需要采集不同高度沙样,每分钟收集一次质量数据,实现高频连续集沙。试验结果显示,自动连续称重式集沙仪在15、30、60 cm高度的集沙量满足随高度增加呈指数减少的规律;在15 cm高度,风速与输沙通量呈指数函数关系(y=6E-05·e0.8417x,R2=0.6042),随集沙高度升高输沙通量与风速相关性减弱。自动连续称重式集沙仪与新型平口式集沙仪所测的输沙通量具有很好的一致性(y=0.8119x+0.2645,R2=0.7481)。自动连续称重式集沙仪虽然在稳固性方面需要改良,但能够很好地捕捉高度在15 cm以下沙物质的输移信息,野外应用效果良好,是一种适合野外高精度风沙活动自动监测的新型测量工具。     

库布齐沙漠110MW光伏基地次生风沙危害的动力学机制

为了解释光伏设施干扰下沙质地表侵蚀堆积的动力机制,在库布齐沙漠110MW光伏电站选取2个断面,利用MetOne 014A/024A型自动风速仪,同步观测了光伏板前后不同位置20、50、100、200cm高度的1min平均风速,分析了光伏板干扰下流场格局变异及其与地表蚀积态势的关系。结果表明:(1)光伏设施强烈干扰流场格局,产生流场分异区:板下集流加速区、板前板后遇阻减速区、板面抬升区和板间恢复区,但光伏基地上风向边缘区域与腹地的流场分布格局存在显著差异;(2)空间流场特征区发育程度所指示的动力分布与地面侵蚀堆积态势基本对应;(3)植被可有效增大地面粗糙度,降低0~50cm近地表过境风速,减缓地表蚀积过程的发生与加剧;(4)光伏板下的集流加速和板前板后的反向涡旋,是塑造地表风蚀沟(坑)及积沙带发育的主要动力。     

Evaluation of an interrill soil erosion model using laboratory catchment data

Physically based soil erosion simulation models require input parameters of soil detachment and sediment transport owing to the action and interactions of both raindrops and overland flow. A simple interrill soil water transport model is applied to a laboratory catchment to investigate the application of raindrop detachment and transport in interrill areas explicitly. A controlled laboratory rainfall simulation study with slope length simulation by flow addition was used to assess the raindrop detachment and transport of detached soil by overland flow in interrill areas. Artificial rainfall of moderate to high intensity was used to simulate intense rain storms. However, experiments were restricted to conditions where rilling and channelling did not occur and where overland flow covered most of the surface. A simple equation with a rainfall intensity term for raindrop detachment, and a simple sediment transport equation with unit discharge and a slope term were found to be applicable to the situation where clear water is added at the upper end of a small plot to simulate increased slope length. The proposed generic relationships can be used to predict raindrop detachment and the sediment transport capacity of interrill flow and can therefore contribute to the development of physically‐based erosion models. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黄河流域降雨侵蚀力对全球变化的响应

分析土壤侵蚀力对全球变化的响应,有助于国家和区域未来水土保持宏观战略的决策.本文利用Had-CM3模型,在A2和B2情景下系统研究了未来不同时期（2020年、2050年和2080年）黄河流域降雨侵蚀力的潜在变化.结果表明在全球气候变化条件下,黄河流域的降雨侵蚀力有显著的增加;增加的幅度随着GCM情景和研究时期的不同而不同,从南向北逐渐增大;A2情景下,黄河流域的降雨侵蚀力分别增加11.5%（2020年）、24.8%（2050年）和40.6%（2080年）,B2情景下的相应变化分别为20.9%、12.5%和20.8%;加强中、长期土地利用规划、植被建设和水土保持是应对全球变化的基本方略.     

Holocene Rockwall Retreat in Svalbard: A Triple-Rate Evolution

Volumetric calculations of slope deposits, direct measurements of rockwall retreat and chronological control based on lichenometry provide a wide range of rockwall retreat rates in Svalbard (0–1580 mm ka⁻¹) that appears consistent with previous evaluations from other Arctic areas. In northwest and central Spitsbergen (79°N), a triple-rate rockwall retreat is suggested for the last two millennia: very slow biogenic flaking (2 mm ka⁻¹), moderate retreat due to frost shattering (100 ka⁻¹) and rapid retreat associated with post-glacial stress relaxation (c. 1000 mm ka⁻¹). Examination of the distribution of various processes indicates that the Holocene retreat of most rockwalls has not exceeded one or two metres. Bedrock conditions appear to be the main control on retreat rates. The massiveness of igneous and metamorphic outcrops, widespread in Arctic shield areas, largely accounts for the slowness of rockwall retreat, which on these lithologies is primarily due to chemical and biological processes. More rapid rates are usually associated with stress relaxation following glacial surges or with local frost susceptibility of bedrock, often where faulting has induced high joint density. At such sites, rockwall retreat rates are of the same order of magnitude as those reported from Alpine areas (1000–3000 mm ka⁻¹) where both bedrock weakening due to tectonic stresses and the greater height of steep rockwalls account for the more rapid rockwall retreat rate. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Magnitude and variation in the contribution of bank erosion to the suspended sediment load of the River Severn,UK

The wide range of studies describing the role of bank erosion in fluvial sediment supply have mostly lumped amounts of bank erosion into coarse temporal units, such as years. This paper investigates sediment yields from individual bank erosion events within the upper River Severn, UK (basin area 380 km²). Manual erosion pins and photo-electronic erosion pins were used to estimate bank erosion, and turbidity meters were used to determine suspended sediment transport. At the annual time-scale, the silt-clay fraction of bank-derived sediment accounted for an equivalent of 17 per cent of the suspended load, increasing to an average of 38 per cent at the monthly timescale, and then to an average of 64 per cent at the event timescale. This research highlighted that for an upland catchment, bank erosion was an important supply of suspended sediment, and that for some flood events bank erosion can supply more sediment than is transported. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Suspended sediment discharge in subsurface flow from the head hollow of a small forested watershed,northern Japan

Surface flow and suspended sediment discharge from the head hollow of the Jozankei Experimental Watershed in Hokkaido, northern Japan, were measured to clarify the implications of subsurface hydrology for soil movement. Subsurface discharges during the extremely large storms of 1993 to 1994 were measured in a V-notch weir installed at a natural spring near the bottom of the head hollow, and shallow groundwater levels were observed in the wells excavated in the hollow. Sediment samples whose particle size range from 0·001 to 0·1 mm were manually and automatically collected at 15 to 60 min intervals, by use of 1 or 21 polyethylene bottles. Maximum concentration and flux of suspended sediment during the storms preceded the peak discharge of subsurface flow by several hours. Neither the changes in concentration (mg l⁻¹) nor flux (mg s⁻¹) of suspended sediment coincided with those in subsurface discharge (l s⁻¹). Furthermore, sediment concentration was poorly correlated with the rate of change in subsurface discharge (l s⁻²) during the rising limb of the hydrograph. Suspended sediment flux during the acceleratory limb, however, was closely correlated with the rate of change in subsurface discharge. The relationship between suspended sediment flux and rate of change in subsurface discharge were in inverse proportion to initial subsurface discharge before the storm runoff and they represented rare seasonal variation. Subsurface hydraulic erosion and transport of suspended sediment resulting from changes in rate of change in subsurface discharge actively occur during the acceleratory rising limb of the hydrograph. Accordingly, subsurface hydraulic erosion during the acceleratory rising limb of the hydrograph can be physically understood by analysing suspended sediment flux associated with rate of change in subsurface discharge and initial subsurface discharge. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Patterns and controls of gully growth along the shoreline of Lake Huron

An empirical approach was used to examine the morphology and behaviour of gullies along the eastern shoreline of Lake Huron, Canada. Gully and watershed dimensions and percentage vegetation cover of a sample of 44 gullies were measured from aerial photographs between 1930 and 1992. Gullies with larger watersheds had higher area growth rates. Larger gullies continue to expand over time while small gullies are more likely to become stable. Growth rates increased between 1955 and 1978 because of increased snowfall, extreme flow events, the extension of municipal drains, and the use of subsurface drainage. After 1970, efforts to rehabilitate gullies using drain pipes and check dams contributed to a decrease in gully growth rates. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Application of lattice gas techniques to the study of sediment erosion and transport caused by laminar sheetflow

In order to gain a deeper understanding of the dynamics of erosion and sediment transport on hillslopes, it seems important to clarify the role of some basic mechanisms involved in these processes. While there is evidence that this cannot be done using the theoretical framework of river hydraulics, the use of numerical analysis could be of considerable help. The nature of the problem requires a technique capable of solving Navier–Stokes equations at low Reynolds number, with geometrically complex boundaries and solid particles moving inside the flow field. All these requirements make a novel method, known as lattice gas automaton LGA, a natural candidate for the study of the hydrodynamics of sheetflows. However, due to the recent introduction of this technique, there is a lack of a clear definition of its operational limits. Considering the case of a viscous sheetflow on an erodible rough boundary, we argue that by using LGA the stream Reynolds number can be increased only at the expense of a reduction of the boundary shearing stress. Accordingly, LGA cannot profitably be used to study the beginning of sediment motion and transport. On the other hand, a further evolution of LGA, known as the lattice Boltzmann method, seems highly promising for the numerical study of the erosion processes that eventually lead to drainage network evolution along hillslopes. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The Quaternary history of the subtidal central Wash,eastern England

The history of Quaternary sedimentation in the subtidal Wash is described using high-resolution seismic profiles. The Pleistocene sequence is divided into three depositional units, comprising Anglian till overlain by possible Late Devensian subglacial scour fill and lacustrine sediments. These latter sediments may provide further evidence for a lake in the Wash impounded by ice along the Lincolnshire–Norfolk coast. The Holocene sequence is divided into six depositional units, each truncated by the one above. Estuarine sediment resting on a marine flooding surface forms the earliest unit. This sediment was partially eroded by migration of the shoreface as the marine flooding progressed landward. The following four units comprise sand and gravel banks deposited on the erosion surface. Bank deposition was followed by an episode of tidal scour caused either by increased tidal current velocities following reclamation of the Fenland or by breakdown of postulated former offshore barriers. The youngest and most extensive Holocene unit rests on the scoured surface and comprises several types of deposit. These are: large sand banks around the periphery of the subtidal area with sediment extending seawards into two NE–SW aligned troughs; low sand banks on a central ridge dividing the troughs and partially covering the sediments in the troughs; thick gravels towards the mouth of the Wash; muddy sediments forming drapes over the sand in the centre of the Wash. The data provide information on the variety of processes related to the advance and retreat of Pleistocene ice sheets in eastern England and the subsequent Holocene marine flooding of the Wash–Fenland embayment. The Holocene sequence reveals periods of widespread sedimentation separated by periods of both local and regional erosion, with possible implications for climatic and hydrodynamic change. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.