四川汉源永定桥水库坝区岩溶渗漏的水文地球化学特征研究

在坝区水文地质调查及岩溶发育研究的基础上,对区域中地表水、地下水的宏量组份、稀土元素含量、碳酸盐的碳、氧同位素组成的调查结果表明:雨季前后地下水水化学的变化表明存在断裂带或岩溶通道深部埋藏水向地表排泄的特征;稀土元素含量的变化证实了坝址上游和下游均具有河水补给泉水现象的存在;碳、氧同位素组成的测定为进一步划分出相关的地下水系统提供了依据。本研究结果为坝区岩溶渗漏的工程处理方案提供理论依据。     

桑沟湾海域的潮流数值计算

利用有限差分法,模拟了桑沟湾海域大潮期间小海大坝未打开与小海大坝打开后的潮流场。指出小海大坝打开后对桑沟湾的流场没有影响,只有小海入口处余流值增大。并根据实测资料分析了该湾的潮汐潮流性质。     

Seasonal variations of sediment discharge from the Yangtze River before and after impoundment of the Three Gorges Dam

Over the past decades, > 50,000 dams and reforestation on the Yangtze River (Changjiang) have had little impact on water discharge but have drastically altered annual and particularly seasonal sediment discharge. Before impoundment of the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) in June 2003, annual sediment discharge had decreased by 60%, and the hysteresis of seasonal rating curves in the upper reaches at Yichang station had shifted from clockwise to counterclockwise. In addition, the river channel in middle-lower reaches had changed from depositional to erosional in 2002.During the four years (2003–2006) after TGD impoundment, ~ 60% of sediment entering the Three Gorges Reservoir was trapped, primarily during the high-discharge months (June–September). Although periodic sediment deposition continues downstream of the TGD, during most months substantial erosion has occurred, supplying ~ 70 million tons per year (Mt/y) of channel-derived sediment to the lower reaches of the river. If sand extraction (~ 40 Mt/y) is taken into consideration, the river channel loses a total of 110 Mt/y. During the extreme drought year 2006, sediment discharge in the upper reaches drastically decreased to 9 Mt (only 2% of its 1950–1960s level) because of decreased water discharge and TGD trapping. In addition, Dongting Lake in the middle reaches, for the first time, changed from trapping net sediment from the mainstem to supplying 14 Mt net sediment to the mainstem. Severe channel erosion and drastic sediment decline have put considerable pressure on the Yangtze coastal areas and East China Sea.     

山西关帝山森林上限附近植被的性质与空间格局

山西关帝山是中国暖温带落叶阔叶林区域第四高峰，对气候指标的推算表明，关帝山主峰孝文山接近气候意义的林线，对其森林上限附近植被空间格局和性质的分析有助于认识中国东部暖温带高山林线的形成机制。通过野外调查和植被数量分析，探讨了关帝山森林上限附近植物群落的类型、植物群落与环境的关系、植物种类多样性的梯度、植被的性质等理论问题，初步得出：（1）气候和地形条件共同决定关帝山森林上限附近的植被格局；（2）对植被性质的分析表明，关帝山山顶植被为亚高山灌丛和亚高山草甸，不具备高山带的性质，验证了根据气候数据进行的推断；（3）关帝山森林上限附近植物物种多样性随海拔增加而上升，不同于暖温带具有高山带的山地。     

三峡水库运用后长江中下游造床流量变化及其影响因素

随着三峡水库的运用,其下游的造床流量发生变化,研究坝下游造床流量的变化特性及主要影响因素对河道的冲淤特性及河床演变机理研究有着重要意义。根据1981—2015年的资料,采用平滩水位法、马卡维耶夫法和流量保证率法计算三峡水库蓄水前后宜昌、枝城、沙市、监利、螺山、汉口、九江、大通各站的造床流量。结果表明:①马卡维耶夫法同时考虑了流量过程和输沙能力的影响,计算结果相对合理。②蓄水后各站造床流量减小3 000~6 000 m3/s,符合坝下游主要冲淤变形部位由平滩河槽调整为中枯水河槽的变化特性,反映了结果的合理性。具体来看,时间上,2009年以后造床流量的减小趋势更为明显;空间上,从绝对值来看,以监利站为转折点,从宜昌至大通呈先减小后增大的趋势。③造床流量对来水量和洪峰流量的响应较为敏感,与之呈正相关关系。     

An engineering geological appraisal of the Lakhwar Dam, Garhwal Himalaya, India

A 204 m high solid concrete gravity dam is proposed across the River Yamuna in Garhwal Himalaya, India. It will be located on dolerite rocks which have been intruded into the slates of Chandpur Formation. The present study includes the evaluation of the dam foundation by means of drifts, drill holes, water pressure tests and abutment slope stability studies. The water pressure test indicate the necessity of providing a grout curtain below the dam foundation. The analysis of the dam abutments for stability using the Limit equilibrium method indicates that the right abutment slope is kinematically unstable for plane failure mode. The plane failure analysis of the right abutment slope was carried out by modifying the Hoek and Bray (1981, Rock Slope Engineering, 3rd ed., Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, London) technique of plane failure analysis. The analysis reveals that right abutment slope may become unstable during the stripping operation. Based upon the analysis a safe cut slope design for the abutments have been suggested. Subsurface exploration by means of cross drift and drill holes has indicated a sheared contact of slate and dolerite in the foundation area. To avoid the settlement of the dam along this shear zone precautionary measures are suggested.     

Limited vision: A personal experience of mining geology and scientific mineral exploration

Vision is concerned with making observations: quantitative observations such as measurements, and observations of form and pattern. Vision is perception: an awareness of the significance of observations and insight or intuition. We live and work with limited vision.     

Landform classification from a digital elevation model and satellite imagery

The Iranian Soil and Water Research Institute has been involved in mapping the soils of Iran and classifying landforms for the last 60 years. However, the accuracy of traditional landform maps is very low (about 55%). To date, aerial photographs and topographic maps have been used for landform classification studies. The principal objective of this research is to propose a quantitative approach for landform classification based on a 10-m resolution digital elevation model (DEM) and some use of an Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) image. In order to extract and identify the various landforms, slope, elevation range, and stream network pattern were used as basic identifying parameters. These are extractable from a DEM. Further, ASTER images were required to identify the general outline shape of a landform type and the presence or absence of gravel. This study encompassed a relatively large watershed of 451 183 ha with a total elevation difference of 2445 m and a variety of landforms from flat River Alluvial Plains to steep mountains. Classification accuracy ranged from 91.8 to 99.6% with an average of 96.7% based upon extensive ground-truthing. Since similar digital and ASTER image information is available for Iran, an accurate landform map can now be produced for the whole country. The main advantages of this approach are accuracy, lower demands on time and funds for field work and ready availability of required data for many regions of the world.     

有关汶川8级地震的二次现场考察

2008年5月12日14时28分汶川发生8级地震,造成通讯中断,为了及时了解紫坪铺水库大坝受损情况,发震后不到半小时就出发,距发生8级地震后不到3小时到达水库大坝,用相机记录下大坝受损情况,向大坝上的相关领导和业主汇报8级地震情况及其与紫坪铺水库大坝的位置关系,当天返回省地震局后立即向相关领导和部门汇报。2008年2月14日21时36分都江堰市发生3．3级地震,2月15日组织去现场工作,现场调查认为,地震中心点董家山隧道口的烈度为Ⅳ度;发震构造为龙门山前山断裂。