近断层双向水平地震作用下隔震结构地震反应

近断层地震动脉冲特性在2个水平分量上具有差异,采用平方和开方法分析了近断层脉冲地震动双向地震作用下基础隔震结构和组合隔震结构的隔震层位移,并与近断层脉冲单向地震作用进行了对比分析,结果表明:若仅地震动加速度峰值大的分量或2个方向分量均存在明显速度脉冲,则产生的隔震层位移大于单向地震动;若仅地震动加速度峰值小的分量存在明...     

河北省夏季空气污染过程气象条件

利用NCEP再分析格点资料、常规观测资料,统计分析了2005-2007年7-9月河北省典型的10次空气污染过程与气象要素、天气系统的关系。结果表明:河北省夏季典型污染过程的主要天气类型与冬季环流形式差别较大,可分为纬向型、低压槽前型、副热带高压外围型等;空气污染过程发生日多以雾、霾天气为主,05:00-08:00时(北京时)的能见度最小,地面观测资料的温度露点差(T-T_d)小于等于3℃;高空无明显的垂直运动或系统性弱下沉运动,近地层弱气压场、风场,不利于空气中污染物的扩散;近地层存在逆温,稳定的层结使空气污染得以持续;过程后期,因冷空气活动产生降水,空气污染减弱、结束。     

Kalman filter finite element method applied to dynamic ground motion

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the estimation of dynamic elastic behavior of the ground using the Kalman filter finite element method. In the present paper, as the state equation, the balance of stress equation, the strain–displacement equation and the stress–strain equation are used. For temporal discretization, the Newmark ¼ method is employed, and for the spatial discretization the Galerkin method is applied. The Kalman filter finite element method is a combination of the Kalman filter and the finite element method. The present method is adaptable to estimations not only in time but also in space, as we have confirmed by its application to the Futatsuishi quarry site. The input data are the measured velocity, acceleration, etc., which may include mechanical noise. It has been shown in numerical studies that the estimated velocity, acceleration, etc., at any other spatial and temporal point can be obtained by removing the noise included in the observation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Natural vibration characteristics of gravity structures

A forced vibration procedure is presented to estimate fundamental and higher frequencies of vibrations and associated mode shapes of gravity structures. The gravity structures considered are retaining walls and gravity dams. The validity of the proposed procedure is tested on three test problems of varying complexity for which the natural vibration frequencies and mode shapes either have known analytical solutions or have been determined via numerical means/field tests by others. Also included are the results of natural vibration frequencies and associated mode shapes for a spillway control structure located near the abutment end of an embankment dam obtained using the proposed procedure. For all problems considered, fundamental frequency and mode shape results using the proposed procedure are compared with the results obtained using an alternative procedure in which static deflections due to the structure's own weight are used as the starting point for free vibrations by setting the gravity vector to zero. All results compare well. The merits of the proposed procedure are discussed. Published in 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Generalized minimum variance control for buildings under seismic ground motion

The generalized minimum variance (GMV) algorithm for the control of civil engineering structures is developed and presented in this paper. This algorithm needs the knowledge of the seismic excitation model to derive the autoregressive moving average exogen model of the structure. Then the GMV control is applied. The control is designed such that the variance of the generalized cost function is minimized. To demonstrate the effectiveness of this control technique, simulation tests using a single‐degree‐of‐freedom structure are performed. The results show that the relative displacement of the structure and the control effort are significantly reduced. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Earthquake source model using strong motion displacement as response of finite elastic media

The strong motion displacement records available during an earthquake can be treated as the response of the earth as the a structural system to unknown forces acting at unknown locations. Thus, if the part of the earth participating in ground motion is modelled as a known finite elastic medium, one can attempt to model the source location and forces generated during an earthquake as an inverse problem in structural dynamics. Based on this analogy, a simple model for the basic earthquake source is proposed. The unknown source is assumed to be a sequence of impulses acting at locations yet to be found. These unknown impulses and their locations are found using the normal mode expansion along with a minimization of mean square error. The medium is assumed to be finite, elastic, homogeneous, layered and horizontal with a specific set of boundary conditions. Detailed results are obtained for Uttarkashi earthquake. The impulse locations exhibit a linear structure closely associated with the causative fault. The results obtained are shown to be in good agreement with reported values. The proposed engineering model is then used to simulate the acceleration time histories at a few recording stations. The earthquake source in terms of a sequence of impulses acting at different locations is applied on a 2D finite elastic medium and acceleration time histories are found using finite element methods. The synthetic accelerations obtained are in close match with the recorded accelerations.     

山西大同—阳高6．1级地震形变异常的再研究

在对山西大同－阳高1989年6．1地震的震例总结中，共收集了23项形变异常，经过对资料的整理研究，又发现了13项。经过进一步总结形变异常的演化特征及物理机制，表明形变异常在震前具有多样性，震源区出现了闭锁现象。中期趋势异常主要受区域应力场的控制，短临异常反映了震源应力场的变化，异常的空间分布是震源应力场和区域应力场相互作用的结果。     

关于在辽宁省执行国家标准《中国地震动参数区划图》的几点看法

本文简要介绍了国家标准《中国地震动参数区划图》的内容、特点，并就如何在辽宁省执行该国家标准提出了几点看法。     

宁夏地区GPS监测网建设、近期地壳运动特征及应力场与地震活动关系初探

在阿拉善块体、鄂尔多斯块体和青藏块体交汇处的宁夏中部布设了GPS观测网,利用1996年以来的5期复测资料,分析了宁夏中部地区现今地壳运动状态,其结果为①宁夏中部地区在l996年12月至l999年5月间,有围绕鄂尔多斯西缘(P2测点)左旋运动的现象,银川盆地东侧的灵武断裂呈左旋逆走滑运动方式.该区主应力场方向为北北东-南南西(方位角为29.8°)方向,P2测站以南的中部地区向东位移,垂直形变量级明显大于水平形变量级,银川盆地及青藏块体呈上升状态,鄂尔多斯腹地的P1测站呈逐年下降趋势,在P3与P4测点间可能有一隐伏断裂存在.②在GPS测区附近中强地震前约1年,可观测到该区GPS测站的形变异常及主应力方向发生转变异常;测区附近中强地震前及周边地区强震前,该区GPS形变模拟矢量场能够预示未来地震的大体方位.这些结果可作为地震预测的特征值加以考虑.     

Probabilistic critical excitation for MDOF elastic–plastic structures on compliant ground

Earthquake ground motions and their effects on structural responses are very uncertain even with the present knowledge. It is therefore desirable to develop a robust structural design method taking into account these uncertainties. Critical excitation approaches are promising and a new random critical excitation method is proposed for MDOF elastic–plastic shear‐building structures on compliant ground. The power (area of power spectral density (PSD) function) and the intensity (magnitude of PSD function) are fixed and the critical excitation is found under these restrictions. In contrast to linear elastic structures, transfer functions and simple expressions for response evaluation cannot be defined in elastic–plastic structures and difficulties arise in describing the peak responses except by laborious elastic–plastic time‐history response analysis. Statistical equivalent linearization is used to estimate the elastic–plastic stochastic peak responses approximately. The critical excitation responses are obtained for several examples and compared with those of the corresponding recorded earthquake ground motion. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.