我国地面降水的分级回归统计降尺度预报研究

利用TIGGE资料中欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF,the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts)、日本气象厅(JMA,the Japan Meteorological Agency)、美国国家环境预报中心(NCEP,the National Centers for Environmental Prediction)以及英国气象局(UKMO,the UK Met Office)4个中心1~7 d预报的日降水量集合预报资料,并以中国降水融合产品作为"观测值",对我国地面降水量预报进行统计降尺度处理。采用空间滑动窗口增加中雨和大雨雨量样本,建立分级雨量的回归方程,并与未分级雨量的统计降尺度预报进行对比。结果表明,对于不同模式、不同预报时效以及不同降水量级,统计降尺度的预报技巧改进程度不尽相同。统计降尺度的预报技巧依赖于模式本身的预报效果。相比雨量未分级回归,雨量分级回归的统计降尺度预报与观测值的距平相关系数更高,均方根误差更小,不同量级降水的ETS评分明显提高。对雨量分级回归统计降尺度预报结果进行二次订正,可大大减少小雨的空报。     

COPD急性发作期中医证型相关因素研究

目的：探究急性发作期慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）中医证型的相关因素。方法：将200 例急性发作期COPD患者分为痰浊壅肺证、痰热蕴肺证、痰瘀阻肺证、肺肾气虚证,记录患者性别、年龄、病程等信息,进行肺功能等相关检查,并由患者本人填写COPD评估测试（CAT）,根据所收集的资料分析中医证型与年龄、病程的关系,CAT评分与第1秒用力呼气容积（FEV1）、FEV1/用力肺活量（FVC）的关系、中医证型与CAT评分的关系。结果：在患者平均年龄、平均病程、CAT评分方面,痰浊壅肺证、痰热蕴肺证与痰瘀阻肺证、肺肾气虚证比较,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.001）。CAT评分与第1秒用力呼气容积占预计值百分比（FEV1%pred）、FEV1/FVC%之间存在负相关。结论：急性发作期COPD患者的年龄、病程、CAT评分以及肺功能在各中医证型中存在差异,CAT评分可为中医辨证分型提供依据。     

The standards for skill assessment of operational marine forecast system

To support navigational and environmental applications in coastal waters, marine opera- tional forecast models must be developed and implemented. A forecast model must guarantee that it is scientifically sound and practically robust for performance and must meet or excel all target frequencies or durations before being released to the public. This paper discusses the standard policies and procedures for evaluation of operational marine forecast models. The primary variables to be evaluated are water lev- els, currents and water density (water temperature and salinity).     

Assessing the Seasonal Predictability of Summer Precipitation over the Huaihe River Basin with Multiple APCC Models

Seasonal rainfall predictability over the Huaihe River basin is evaluated in this paper on the basis of 23-year(1981-2003) retrospective forecasts by 10 climate models from the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation(APEC) Climate Center(APCC) multi-model ensemble(MME) prediction system.It is found that the summer rainfall variance in this basin is largely internal,which leads to lower rainfall predictability for most individual climate models.By dividing the 10 models into three categories according to their sea surface temperature(SST) boundary conditions including observed,predicted,and persistent SSTs,the MME deterministic predictive skill of summer rainfall over Huaihe River basin is investigated.It is shown that the MME is effective for increasing the current seasonal forecast skill.Further analysis shows that the MME averaged over predicted SST models has the highest rainfall prediction skill,which is closely related to model’s capability in reproducing the observed dominant modes of the summer rainfall anomalies in Huaihe River basin.This result can be further ascribed to the fact that the predicted SST MME is the most effective model ensemble for capturing the relationship between the summer rainfall anomalies over Huaihe River basin and the SST anomalies(SSTAs) in equatorial oceans.     

复杂山地环境下雷暴天气中的地基微波辐射计影响距离分析

利用2017年2月-2018年10月地基微波辐射计和无线电探空仪、闪电和雷达数据, 首先评估了微波辐射计温度和绝对湿度在不同高度的探测性能, 微波辐射计和无线电探空仪不同高度的温度的相关系数为0.800~0.985, 绝对湿度的相关系数为0.600~0.916;微波辐射计温度的标准差为3.9~6.1℃, 绝对湿度的标准差为0~4 g/m3, 无线电探空仪温度的标准差为4.2~6.1℃, 绝对湿度的标准差为0.1~4.2 g/m3; 微波辐射计和无线电探空仪温度绝对误差的标准差为1.06~2.90℃, 绝对湿度绝对误差的标准差为0.08~2.02 g/m3。二者K指数相关系数为0.945。其次利用K指数上升和下降到35℃的时次和不同距离闪电开始和结束时次做相关性分析, 结果表明在30 km处具有最大的相关系数(0.864), 这可能就是微波辐射计温度和湿度在复杂山地下雷暴天气中能够代表的大气层结的有效距离。最后统计分析了微波辐射计K指数上升达35℃时, 90%上游移向微波辐射计的雷暴回波(30 dBZ雷达回波超过-15℃高度层)距离微波辐射计平均距离为35.3 km, 移到微波辐射计附近平均需要92.8分钟, 局地雷暴(40 km以内)生成需要138.2分钟。      

Related information measures for the associations of earth-science variables

A basic task in earth-science data integration is to quantify variable associations. Although manv measures have been used to determine the associations between quantitative variables, the ability to quantify qualitative attributes (e.g., categorical) is limited. Moreover, most traditional association measures are restricted to linear correlations or similarities, for example, correlation coefficient. The measures proposed in this report are designed on the basis of Shannon's entropy concepts, including directional related information, ordinary related information, and partial related information. The directional related information quantifies the association of one variable in terms of another. The ordinary related information determines the mutual association of two variables. The partial related information characterizes the association of an individual stale of one variable in terms of another variable. The properties of these measures are discussed and their sample estimates are derived from both maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods. The relations between these measures are illustrated by using synthetic examples. Two applications of these measures also are developed, including the selection of variables and evaluation of mineral resources. Finally, a case study is given to demonstrate the use of the measures in mineral resources evaluation.     

浅谈英语快速阅读

快速阅读在英语学习中是一个很重要的内容。要具备这种能力 ,不仅要了解快速阅读的技巧和方法 ,而且还要多读多练。文章介绍了如何快速阅读英语的方法。     

中尺度模式MM5在山西预报业务中的应用

介绍了山西省气象台在微机上调试和试用中尺度数值模式MM5V3的情况，包括模式的特点，运行状况，以及对2002年汛期降水个例的预报检验，并对6月和9月的降水预报分量级评分，分析模式预报优劣。     

Prediction of Wintertime Northern Hemisphere Blocking by the NCEP Climate Forecast System

Daily output from the hindcasts by the NCEP Climate Forecast System version 2(CFSv2) is analyzed to understand CFSv2's skill in forecasting wintertime atmospheric blocking in the Northern Hemisphere.Prediction skills of sector blocking,sector-blocking episodes,and blocking onset/decay are assessed with a focus on the Euro-Atlantic sector(20°W-45°E) and the Pacific sector(160°E-135°W).Features of associated circulation and climate patterns are also examined.The CFSv2 well captures the observed features of longitudinal distribution of blocking activity,but underestimates blocking frequency and intensity and shows a decreasing trend in blocking frequency with increasing forecast lead time.Within 14-day lead time,the Euro-Atlantic sector blocking receives a higher skill than the Pacific sector blocking.Skillful forecast(taking the hit rate of 50%as a criterion) can be obtained up to 9 days in the Euro-Atlantic sector,which is slightly longer than that in the Pacific sector(7 days).The forecast skill of sector-blocking episodes is slightly lower than that of sector blocking in both sectors,and it is slightly higher in the Euro-Atlantic sector than in the Pacific sector.Compared to block onset,the skill for block decay is lower in the Euro-Atlantic sector,slightly higher in the Pacific sector during the early three days but lower after three days in lead time.In both the Euro-Atlantic and the Pacific sectors,a local dipole pattern in 500-hPa geopotential height associated with blocking is well presented in the CFSv2 prediction,but the wave-train like pattern that is far away from the blocking sector can only maintain in the forecast of relative short lead time.The CFSv2 well reproduces the observed characteristics of local temperature and precipitation anomalies associated with blocking.     

L波段探空判别云区方法的研究

利用2008年1月到2009年12月的L波段探空资料,和与之时空匹配的Cloudsat云观测资料,首先分析了云内和云外相对湿度的累积频率分布,发现以75%作为相对湿度阈值判断云准确率可达81%。随后利用BS（Bias Score）和TS（Threat Score）评分方法,对不同相对湿度阈值进行评分分析,发现以81%作为相对湿度阈值TS评分可达0.66,为最高。接着利用BS和TS评分方法分不同高度对相对湿度阈值进行评分分析,发现随高度的增加该高度上具有最好TS评分的相对湿度阈值在减小。利用这些阈值对云判断时,总的TS评分高于0.6,且其准确率达到84%以上,比利用单一相对湿度阈值判断云准确率要高。最后对这些阈值进行优化,得到一套适合于我国L波段探空秒数据的云垂直结构的判别方法。