融合多源海洋大地测量数据的南海海底地形多层感知机反演

本文融合SIO(Scripps Institution of Oceanography)发布的垂线偏差、重力异常和垂直重力梯度数据及NCEI(National Centers for Environmental Information)发布的船载测深数据, 利用多层感知机神经网络(Multi-Layer Perceptron, MLP)建立南海海域(108°E—121°E, 6°N—23°N)分辨率为1'×1'的海底地形模型(MLP_Depth).首先, 将642716个船载测深控制点的位置信息与周围4'×4'格网点处的地球重力信息(垂线偏差、重力异常、垂直重力梯度)作为输入数据, 将船载测深控制点处实测水深值作为输出数据, 训练MLP神经网络模型, 训练结束时决定系数R²为99%, 平均绝对误差MAE为39.33 m.然后, 将研究区域内1'×1'格网正中心点处的输入数据输入于MLP模型中, 可得格网正中心点处的预测海深值.最后, 根据预测海深值建立研究区域范围内分辨率为1'×1'的MLP_Depth模型.将MLP_Depth模型预测水深与160679个检核点处实测水深对比, 其差值的标准差STD(75.38 m)、平均绝对百分比误差MAPE(5.89%)与平均绝对误差MAE(42.91 m)皆优于GEBCO_2021模型、topo_23.1模型、ETOPO1模型与检核点实测水深差值的STD(108.88 m、113.41 m、229.67 m)、MAPE(6.11%、6.94%、18.37%)与MAE(47.33 m、52.24 m、130.08 m).同时, 为了研究不同区域内利用该方法建立的海底地形模型的精度, 本文在研究区域内分别建立了A、B区域的海底地形模型(MLP_Depth_A、MLP_Depth_B).经过验证得: MLP_Depth_A、MLP_Depth_B相比于MLP_Depth模型具有更高的精度, 更能反应海底地形的变化趋势.

     

井地2.5维DC反演研究

开展了不同观测方式的井地2.5D直流电阻率反演研究。①从2.5维直流电阻率满足的边值问题出发,采用变分原理结合节点线性基函数推导了2.5维井地DC满足的积分弱解形式;②构建了二阶最大平滑稳定泛函的2.5维井地直流电阻率正则化目标函数,采用共轭梯度算法对正则化目标函数进行最优化求解,并采用逐步衰减正则化因子的求解策略来提高反演的稳定性;③设计了均匀半空间模型得到的数值解与解析解对比,电位的相对误差在2%以内,阐述正演算法的正确性和高精度。另外,分析了不同观测装置的2.5维井地直流电阻率异常体特征,并对不同观测方式对2.5维井地DC理论数据进行反演研究。研究结果表明,井中数据的引入提高了2.5DC对纵向探测的分辨率能力,同时提高了2.5DC反演有效性以及准确性。     

水压致裂煤层裂缝发育特点的研究

本文对煤岩基本力学性质、煤层水压致裂缝形成条件、裂缝形态以及裂缝开裂角方位等基本理论进行了研究与探讨，通过大量煤岩力学性质测试，证实了试验区目的层煤岩弹性模量低，泊松比较高，脆性大，易破碎，易压缩。文章还得出了目的层煤岩Ｍｏｈｒ断裂准则二次抛物线型包络线，煤层水压致裂裂缝形式判断，裂缝开裂角方位的计算公式以及有关结论。     

利用多元回归分析反演西南印度洋区域海底地形

针对海底地形与重力异常和重力异常垂直梯度在相应频段呈现强线性相关的特点,引入多元回归分析技术,提出并详细推导了联合多元重力数据的海底地形建模方法。然后,在西南印度洋SWIR(Southwest India Ridge)所在部分海域开展了海底地形反演试验及地形地貌分析研究。试验结果表明:6种海深模型中,基于多元回归分析技术构建的海深模型(BDVG模型)检核精度最高,相较于S&S V18.1模型和ETOPO1模型精度分别提高了11.51%和57.81%左右;2000 m以上水深海域,各个海深模型的检核精度较高,相对误差波动较小,反映了深海海域具有良好的反演效果;地形起伏剧烈海域或者浅海海域,BDVG海深模型,相较于以重力异常和重力异常垂直梯度作为单一输入源建立的BDG模型和BVGG模型相对误差及相对误差波动变化较小,反映了BDVG模型拥有更好的稳定性,从而体现了联合反演的必要性和优势。Indomed FZ—Gallieni FZ上唯一轴部缺失裂谷洋脊段(27洋脊段)目前属于岩浆供应充足阶段,构造作用的海底扩张对其影响较小;同时由于对称裂离方式影响,27洋脊段沿轴南北对称分布有地形隆...     

The global distribution of methane in the troposphere

Methane has been measured in air samples collected at approximately weekly intervals at 23 globally distributed sites in the NOAA/GMCC cooperative flask sampling network. Sites range in latitude from 90° S to 76° N, and at most of these we report 2 years of data beginning in early 1983. All measurements have been made by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector at the NOAA/GMCC laboratory in Boulder, Colorado. All air samples have been referenced to a single secondary standard of methane-in-air, ensuring a high degree of internal consistency in the data. The precision of measurements is estimated from replicate determinations on each sample as 0.2%. The latitudinal distribution of methane and the seasonal variation of this distribution in the marine boundary layer has been defined in great detail, including a remarkable uniformity in background levels of methane in the Southern Hemisphere. We report for the first time the observation of a complete seasonal cycle of methane at the South Pole. A significant vertical gradient is observed between a sea level and a high altitude site in Hawaii. Globally averaged background concentrations in the marine boundary layer have been calculated for the 2 year-period May 1983–April 1985 inclusive, from which we find an average increase of 12.8 ppb per year, or 0.78% per year when referenced to the globally averaged concentration (1625 ppb) at the mid-point of this period. We present evidence that there has been a slowing down in the methane growth rate.Presented at the Conference on the Scientific Application of Baseline Observations of Atmospheric Composition (SABOAC), Aspendale, Australia, 7–9 November 1984.     

Amplitude Ratio of Regional Seismic Phases: An Efficient Indicator of Thermal State of the Lithosphere

By analyzing seismograms of short period records at the Beijing SeismoJogicaJ Observatory, the present paper investigates the amplitude ratio of seismic phases. The results indicate that the amplitude ratio of Sn/Lg is correlated with the lithosphere structure, the thermal state, and strong earthquake occurrence in the region the seismic rays pass through. The significance of such a correlation in the study on the genesis and prediction of strong earthquakes is discussed.     

长江中下游旱涝中期预报方法及其业务应用

介绍了双层多因子综合相似的长江中下游旱涝中期预报模型。该模型引入了具有明确动力学和热力学意义的地转西风动量经向输送和经向温度梯度诊断量，同时强调了西太平洋副热带高压对长江中下游夏季降水的关键作用，并考虑了对流层中、低层500hPa高度和850hPa温度的大尺度环流背景场。与过去业务应用的单层相似预报模型相比较，不仅物理意义和天气学含义明确，而且更符合对具有复杂动力和热力机制的降水预报的考虑。5年的预报试验和业务应用结果表明，该方法对长江中下游地区旱涝的中期趋势预报有较好的预报能力。     

南海西沙海槽地区的海底热流测量

为了解南海西沙海槽区的地热特征,利用Ewing型地热探针在该区开展了地热测量,并利用TK04热导率仪测量了相关站位表层沉积物样品的热导率,获得了7个站位的热流数据。结果表明,研究区7个站位的热导率变化范围为0.88~1.06 W/m.K,平均为0.96 W/m.K,地温梯度变化范围为85~120℃/km,热流值变化范围为83~112 mW/m2,平均达到95 mW/m2。分析表明测量结果与20世纪80年代中美合作在西沙海槽的地热测量结果一致性较好,说明研究区仍具有高热流特征,推测高热流特征可能与本区高热背景、莫霍面埋深较浅、断裂发育、晚期岩浆活动和基底起伏等有关。     

广东旅游休闲产业空间布局模式的构建

从大珠三角与其周边地区的地理梯度特征,可见大珠三角在广东地理、经济、文化中的核心地位,其周边地区的边缘地位。这种“核心”与“边缘”或“中心”与“外围”的关系实际上构造了一个相对稳定的旅游系统,前者主要成为旅游客源地,后者主要成为旅游接待地。大珠三角城际在空间上的逐步融合,构成了广东“环大珠三角城市群游憩带”和“点-轴树状游憩网”,以及“南部濒海游憩廊”的旅游休闲产业空间布局模式。     

Quantifying Barrovian metamorphism in the Danba Structural Culmination of eastern Tibet

The Danba Structural Culmination is a tectonic window into the late Triassic to early Jurassic Songpan‐Garzê Fold Belt of eastern Tibet, which exposes an oblique section through a complete Barrovian‐type metamorphic sequence. Systematic analysis of a suite of metapelites from this locality has enabled a general study of Barrovian metamorphism, and provided new insights into the early thermotectonic history of the Tibetan plateau. The suite was used to create a detailed petrographic framework, from which four samples ranging from staurolite to sillimanite grade were selected for thermobarometry and geochronology. Pseudosection analysis was applied to calculate P–T path segments and determine peak conditions between staurolite grade at ～5.2 kbar and 580 °C and sillimanite grade at ～6.0 kbar and 670 °C. In situ U–Pb monazite geochronology reveals that staurolite‐grade conditions were reached at 191.5 ± 2.4 Ma, kyanite‐grade conditions were attained at 184.2 ± 1.5 Ma, and sillimanite‐grade conditions continued until 179.4 ± 1.6 Ma. Integration of the results has provided constraints on the evolution of metamorphism in the region, including a partial reconstruction of the regional metamorphic field gradient. Several key features of Barrovian metamorphism are documented, including nested P–T paths and a polychronic field gradient. In addition, several atypical features are noted, such as P–T path segments having similar slopes to the metamorphic field gradient, and T_max and P_max being reached simultaneously in some samples. These features are attributed to the effects of slow tectonic burial, which allows for thermal relaxation during compression. While nested, clockwise P–T–t loops provide a useful framework for Barrovian metamorphism, this study shows that the effects of slow burial can telescope this model in P–T space. Finally, the study demonstrates that eastern Tibet experienced a significant phase of crustal thickening during the Mesozoic, reinforcing the notion that the plateau may have a long history of uplift and growth.