Seismic Hazard Analysis for the Bangalore Region

Indian peninsular shield, which was once considered to be seismically stable, is experiencing many earthquakes recently. As part of the national level microzonation programme, Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India has initiated microzonation of greater Bangalore region. The seismic hazard analysis of Bangalore region is carried out as part of this project. The paper presents the determination of maximum credible earthquake (MCE) and generation of synthetic acceleration time history plot for the Bangalore region. MCE has been determined by considering the regional seismotectonic activity in about 350 km radius around Bangalore city. The seismotectonic map has been prepared by considering the faults, lineaments, shear zones in the area and historic earthquake events of more than 150 events. Shortest distance from the Bangalore to the different sources is measured and then peak ground acceleration (PGA) is calculated for the different source and moment magnitude. Maximum credible earthquake found in terms of moment magnitude is 5.1 with PGA value of 0.146 g at city centre with assuming the hypo central distance of 15.88 km from the focal point. Also, correlations for the fault length with historic earthquake in terms of moment magnitude, yields (taking the rupture fault length as 5% of the total fault length) a PGA value of 0.159 g. Acceleration time history (ground motion) and a response acceleration spectrum for the corresponding magnitude has been generated using synthetic earthquake model considering the regional seismotectonic parameters. The maximum spectral acceleration obtained is 0.332 g for predominant period of 0.06 s. The PGA value and synthetic earthquake ground motion data from the identified vulnerable source using seismotectonic map will be useful for the PGA mapping and microzonation of the area.     

带有横向约束的全局优化波阻抗反演方法及应用

地震波阻抗反演是一种基于地震数据得到波阻抗参数的非线性优化问题。不依赖于目标函数梯度信息的全局优化算法是求解地震波阻抗反演问题的有效方法。然而这类方法采用逐道反演的策略,忽略了相邻地震道的空间相关性,导致反演结果的横向连续性差。针对该问题,提出了一种融入旁道最优解的模型空间初始化方法约束波阻抗反演的搜索空间范围,以改善反演结果的横向连续性,进而提出了一种带有横向约束的多组变异差分进化地震波阻抗反演方法。合成地震记录算例表明,该方法相比于传统方法不仅具有更快的收敛速度,而且反演结果具有更好的横向连续性。此外,该方法被应用于胜利油田某区块的储层波阻抗参数反演,反演结果与测井资料有很好的一致性,且有效地刻画了储层砂岩厚度。     

溧水盆地火山岩区地震波场特征及控矿因素定位预测

江苏溧水盆在晚中生代活化为地洼,受燕山期岩浆作用的影响形成火山盆地。本区的矿床严格受火山旋回、构造控制。地震勘探资料显示:不同地质体的地震波场特征各具特点,测区盆地构造清晰,火山岩系总厚约3 700m,火山旋回界面明显,前火山岩沉积地层中断裂发育,次火山岩体分布于盆地边缘隆起带。按成矿构造法观点,结合本区成矿背景、相关矿床类型和MT剖面异常分析,对盆地相关控矿因素进行了定位预测。     

Deep structure of the Nojima Fault, southwest Japan, estimated from borehole observations of fault-zone trapped waves

To estimate the deep structure of the southern part of the Nojima Fault, southwest Japan without the influence of near-surface structures, we analyzed the Love-wave-type fault-zone trapped waves (LTWs) recorded by a borehole seismometer at 1800 m depth. We examined the polarization, dispersion, and dominant frequency of the wavetrain following the direct S-wave in each seismogram to identify the LTW. We selected eight candidates for typical LTWs from 462 records. Because the duration of the LTW increases with hypocentral distance, we infer that the low velocity fault-zone of the Nojima Fault continues towards the seismogenic depth. In addition, since the duration of the LTW increases nonlinearly with hypocentral distance, we infer that the S-wave velocity of the fault-zone increases with depth. The location of events showing the LTW indicates that the fault-zone dips to the southeast at 75° and continues to a depth of approximately 10 km. We assumed a uniform low-velocity waveguide to estimate the average structure of the fault-zone. We estimated the average width, S-wave velocity, and Q_s of the fault-zone by comparing an analytical solution of the LTW with measured data. The average width, S-wave velocity, and Q_s of the fault-zone are 150 to 290 m, 2.5 to 3.2 km/s, and 40 to 90, respectively. Hence the fault-zone structure with a larger width and smaller velocity reduction than the fault-zone model estimated by previous surface observation is more suitable to represent the average fault-zone structure of the Nojima fault. The present study also indicated that the shallow layers and/or a shallow fault-zone structure drastically changes the characteristics of the LTW recorded at the surface, and therefore cause a discrepancy in the fault-zone model between the borehole observation and surface observation.     

自适应锚索锚固岩质边坡地震动力响应分析

强震作用下常规锚索往往会因材料变形能力不足导致应力过载而被拉断,一旦锚索失效将直接危及整个锚固结构的安全。为研究自适应锚索的动力响应规律以及在自适应锚索支护下锚固边坡的动力特性,以新型抗震锚索为原型,设计自适应锚索锚固岩质边坡试验模型,并利用振动台试验系统对试验模型进行加载。试验中采用正弦波、天津波、EI波以及Taft波等4种地震波进行研究,监测锚索的应变和边坡动力响应。结果表明：锚索的轴力和地震波幅值、类型、地震激励频率等因素密切相关;锚固边坡坡面加速度及位移沿边坡高程均有不同程度的放大,相对于无锚索支护边坡,锚固边坡坡面加速度和位移峰值均有减小;自适应锚索随着预设滑移恒阻力的不同,锚索会产生不滑移、瞬间滑移、逐步滑移3种工况,对应的锚索应变时程曲线和锚固边坡动力安全系数时程具有显著不同的特征;自适应锚索滑移工况下,滑体的安全系数虽然有局部减小的阶段,但是锚固结构的安全储备较大,可适应边坡大变形和瞬态冲击荷载的作用。试验结果可为强震区路堑边坡的支护和自适应锚索抗震设计提供一定参考。     

利用地震偏移剖面解释岩浆岩的方法分析

在吉林敦化黑石煤炭资源赋存区,岩浆岩发育,煤层较大范围内受到岩浆岩侵蚀,岩浆岩侵蚀部位在地震剖面上差异十分明显,利用二维地震方法,对水平和偏移时间剖面特征进行分析和解释,就可确定其分布范围及位置。     

Structural style in a young flexure-induced oblique extensional system,north-western Bonaparte Basin,Australia

In the north-western Bonaparte Basin (North West Shelf of Australia) Neogene to Recent flexure-induced extension superimposed obliquely over the Mesozoic rift structures. Thus, the area offers a good opportunity to investigate the dynamics and architecture of oblique extension fault systems. Analysis of basin-scale 2D and 3D seismic data along the Vulcan sub-basin shows that Neogene deformation produced a new set of extensional, en échelon faults, at places accompanied by the reactivation of the Mesozoic faults. The pre-existing Mesozoic structures strongly control the distribution of the Neogene-Recent deformation, both at regional and local scales. Main controls on the Neogene-Recent fault style, density and segmentation/linkage include: (1) the orientation of the underlying Mesozoic structures, (2) the obliqueness of the younger extension relative to the rift-inherited faults, and (3) the proximity to the Timor Trough. Three types of vertical relationships have been observed between Mesozoic and Neogene-Recent faults. Hard linkages seems to develop when both fault systems trend parallel, therefore increasing risks for trap integrity. It is suggested that the orientation of maximum horizontal stress (S_Hmax) relative to the Mesozoic faults, forming hydrocarbon traps, is critical for their potential seal/leak behaviour. Stratigraphic growth across the faults indicates that main fault activity occurred during the Plio-Pleistocene, which corresponds to the timing of tectonic loading on Timor Island and the development of lithospheric flexure. Synchronism of normal faulting with flexural bending suggests that extensional deformation on the descending Australian margin accompanied the formation of the Timor Trough.     

陆相汕藏中砂泥岩互层时移地震遮掩效应及其对时移地震资料解释的影响

从差异波形特征的角度出发,分析时移地震差异波形特征与砂泥岩互层油藏中油层速度变化的关系.通过建立由5层地层组成的楔形地质模型,运用褶积公式及时移地震求差公式,得到泥岩速度为2 400 m/s和砂岩速度为2 700 m/s条件下,互层中砂岩速度变化±150 m/s的时移地震响应.研究结果表明砂泥岩互层的差异波形是一个多峰复合波,泥岩夹层的厚度是决定差异波形特征的一个主要因素,并且存在一个临界值,即四分之一主波长;如果泥岩夹层的厚度小于这一临界值,就会发生遮掩效应,即顶部油层的时移地震响应可以掩盖中、下部油层的时移地震响应.     

Upper Cretaceous marine‐continental transition (Leonese Area,NW Spain) defined from integrated outcrop and seismic stratigraphy

The Upper Cretaceous succession of the Leonese Area (NW Spain) comprises mixed clastic and carbonate sediments. This succession is divided into two lithostratigraphic units, the Voznuevo Member and the Boñar Formation, which represent fluvial, shoreface, intertidal, subtidal and open‐shelf sedimentary environments. Regional seismic interpretation and sequence stratigraphic analysis have allowed the study of lateral and vertical changes in the sedimentary record and the definition of third‐order levels of stratigraphic cyclicity. On the basis of these data, the succession can be divided into two second‐order depositional sequences (DS‐1 and DS‐2), incorporating three system tracts in a lowstand to transgressive to highstand system tract succession (LST–TST–HST). These sequences are composed of fluvial systems at the base with palaeocurrents that flowed westward and south‐westward. The upper part of DS‐1 (Late Albian–Middle Turonian) shows evidence of intertidal to subtidal and offshore deposits. DS‐2 (Late Turonian–Campanian) comprises intertidal to subtidal, tidal flat, shallow marine and lacustrine deposits and interbedded fluvial deposits. Two regressive–transgressive cycles occurred in the area related to eustatic controls. The evolution of the basin can be explained by base‐level changes and associated shifts in depositional trends of successive retrogradational episodes. By using isobath and isopach maps, the main palaeogeographic features of DS‐1 and DS‐2 were constrained, namely coastline positions, the existence and orientation of corridors through which fluvial networks were channelled and the location of the main depocentres of the basin. Sedimentation on the Upper Cretaceous marine platform was mainly controlled by (i) oscillations of sea level and (ii) the orientation of Mesozoic faults, which induced sedimentation along depocentres. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于地震相分析的孔隙度预测

这里主要讨论在地震相分析下的孔隙度预测。其基本原理是：首先对研究区块进行前期常规解释（合成记录、层位追踪、构造及断层解释）,在此基础上利用地震相分析技术,并结合测井及岩芯资料对研究区进行沉积相带划分,将地震信息转化为地质信息;然后根据相带划分结果,对单一相带中的密度、声波速度与孔隙度井资料进行统计,拟合获得相关最好的波阻抗与孔隙度关系公式,这样多个相带就有不同的孔隙度计算公式;最后通过反演得到的波阻抗计算获得孔隙度。由于在横向上加入了地质解释,所以通过这种方法能够有效结合地质规律,提高三维孔隙度预测精度,还能更好地进行孔隙流体预测及储层评价。