初始中主应力系数对中密粉煤灰动模量阻尼比影响的试验研究

利用土工静力-动力液压三轴-扭转多功能剪切仪,开展了在三向非均等固结状态下的饱和中密粉煤灰循环扭剪试验。着重探讨了初始中主应力系数对饱和中密粉煤灰的动模量和阻尼比特性的影响。试验结果表明：初始中主应力系数对粉煤灰动剪切模量有一定的影响,对阻尼比没有影响。根据仪器量测系统的特点,采用了大小位移计联合测量角位移的方法,不仅能够提高测试精度,而且能够获得完整的动模量和阻尼比随动剪应变幅值的变化过程。     

地震走时层析成像方法及在陨石坑探测中的应用

地震走时层析成像是地球物理反演中成熟的方法之一,已在许多领域得到广泛应用,并取得了良好的效果。本文介绍的地震层析成像方法包括模型参数化、射线追踪和理论走时计算、非线性方程组的线性化、线性化方程组的求解以及解的评价。观测数据使用了中国地震局地球物理勘探中心在岫岩陨石坑取得的浅层地震折射资料,反演得到两条近垂直交叉剖面的P波速度结构。结果表明,该坑为一简单坑,直接撞击形成的区域为直径约1．8km、深度约700m的坑体;坑中心深度约700m周围以及向下出现的7．0km／s以上的高波速可能是陨石撞击时所产生的高温高压使表层岩石达到熔融状态,改变了围岩的性质,致使围岩速度升高。     

土非线性参数变异性对标准设计谱的影响

岩土工程中存在许多不确定性,建筑物抗震规范设计中的标准设计谱实际代表着一种平均结果,并没有考虑到场地土体非线性参数的变异性。文中采用数值模拟的方法研究了土非线性参数变异性对标准设计谱的影响。给出了考虑土非线性参数变异性的概率设计谱。结果表明,土非线性参数变异性对标准设计谱的影响显著;粘性土和无粘性土的动剪切模量比对标准设计谱的影响决定于土非线性参数的概率水准,同时也取决于概率设计谱的频段;烈度7度、8度和9度下土体动剪切模量比变异性使标准设计谱平台最大变化50%、80%和100%,阻尼比变异性使标准设计谱平台最大变化40%、45%和60%。     

Effects of the improper modeling of viscous damping on the first-mode and higher-mode dominated responses of base-isolated buildings

In many finite element platforms, a classical global damping matrix based on the elastic stiffness of the system (including isolators) is usually developed as part of the solution to the equations of motion of base-isolated buildings. The conducted analytical and numerical investigations illustrate that this approach can lead to the introduction of unintended damping to the first and higher vibration modes and the spurious suppression of the respective structural responses. A similar shortcoming might be observed even when a nonclassical damping model (ie, an assembly of the superstructure and isolation system damping sub-matrices) is used. For example, the use of Rayleigh damping approach to develop the superstructure damping sub-matrix can lead to the undesired addition of damping to the isolated mode arising from the mass-proportional component of the superstructure damping. On the other hand, the improper use of nonclassical stiffness-proportional damping (eg, determining the proportional damping coefficient, β_k , based on the first mode) can result in assigning significant damping to the higher-modes and the unintended mitigation of the higher-mode responses. Results show that a nonclassical stiffness-proportional model in which β_k is determined based on the second modal period of a base-isolated building can reasonably specify the intended damping to the higher modes without imparting undesirable damping to the first mode. The nonclassical stiffness-proportional damping can be introduced to the numerical model through explicit viscous damper elements attached between adjacent floors. In structural analysis software such as SAP2000®, the desired nonclassical damping can be also modeled through specifying damping solely to the superstructure material.     

应用两次展开法求解系泊柱体慢漂运动方程

在深海中系泊的海洋平台,如Spar平台,水下部分为带有系泊的圆柱结构,其水平方向运动响应往往具有较低的自振频率,容易在低频波浪力(源于非线性的差频效应)作用下发生共振响应,使结构发生大幅水平慢漂。当浮体的瞬时位置大幅偏离初始位置时,基于初始平衡位置的摄动展开法会存在较大误差。针对这一问题,采用两次展开方法,对大幅慢漂运动开展时域模拟研究。对双色波作用下自由漂浮圆柱的大幅运动响应问题进行数值分析,并与采用基于初始平衡位置的摄动展开法的计算结果进行了对比。结果表明,采用新的两次展开法可以计算出波浪遭遇频率的变化和波浪漂移阻尼,而这无法从基于初始平衡位置的常规摄动展开法中得到,体现了两次展开法在分析大幅慢漂问题上的优势。     

Bounding surface model for soil resistance to cyclic lateral pile displacements with arbitrary direction

The development of a two-surface elastic–plastic bounding surface P–Y model for cyclic lateral pile motions is described. The kinematic-hardening model is applicable to the analysis of pile foundations subjected to loading with arbitrary azimuths relative to the pile axis. The model realistically captures the hysteretic energy damping associated with dynamic loading of subsea foundations through physically correct plastic mechanisms and provides results consistent with those observed in physical tests including cyclic loading. Its performance is demonstrated in element states of stress and in pile foundation analyses. The development based on the incremental theory of plasticity results in more robust solutions than may be obtained using alternative elastic, variable moduli and deformation plasticity formulations.     

基于平面应变简化假定的桩扭转振动理论精度研究

利用拉普拉斯变换对考虑桩土耦合扭转振动条件下,桩顶受到任意激振扭矩作用的端承桩桩顶频域及时域响应进行解析求解,推导求得了桩顶位移、速度频域响应,桩顶复阻抗的解析表达式和半正弦脉冲激励作用下的桩顶时域响应半解析解;将本文所得理论解与基于平面应变假定的桩基扭转耦合振动的频域解和时域解进行了全面对比研究,具体比较范围涉及土层对桩的局部复阻抗、桩顶复频响应、速度导纳、桩顶复刚度和桩顶时域响应等方面,并得到若干重要结论。研究成果校核了平面应变假定在桩基扭转振动理论研究中的合理运用,为进一步了解桩土耦合振动的内在机理提供理论支持。     

A novel bidirectional pendulum tuned mass damper using variable homogeneous friction to achieve amplitude-independent control

Passive tuned mass dampers (TMDs) are widely used in controlling structural vibrations. Although their principle is well established, the search for improved arrangements is still under way. This effort has recently produced an innovative paradigm of bidirectional pendulum TMD (BTMD) that, moving along a specially designed three-dimensional (3D) surface, can simultaneously control two in-plane orthogonal structural modes. In existing versions of BTMDs, energy dissipation is provided either by ordinary horizontal viscous dampers or by an original arrangement of vertical friction dampers. In this paper, a new paradigm is proposed, in which energy dissipation comes from the tangential friction arising along the pendulum surface out of an optimal spatially variable friction coefficient pattern. Within this paradigm, if the friction coefficient is taken proportional to the modulus of the pendulum surface gradient, the dissipation model results nonlinear homogeneous in the small-displacement domain, and the performance of the absorber, herein called the homogeneous tangential friction BTMD (HT-BTMD), results independent from the excitation level. The present work introduces this concept, derives the analytical model of the HT-BTMD, establishes a method for its optimal design, and numerically verifies its seismic effectiveness in comparison with viscously damped devices. The validity and feasibility of the concept are demonstrated through experimental tests on a small-scale lab prototype, which also show the efficacy of a stepwise approximation of the homogeneous friction pattern. The new device proves a competing alternative to existing BTMDs, and homogeneous tangential friction proves a promising new paradigm to provide pendular systems with amplitude-independent structural damping.     

MODAL ANALYSIS OF SOFT-SOIL SITES INCLUDING RADIATION DAMPING

For the one-dimensional analysis of soft-soil layers on an elastic half-space, a general form of analytical solution is developed for converting radiation damping due to energy leaking back to the half-space into equivalent modal damping, allowing the modal analysis technique to be extended to a site where radiation damping has to be accounted for. Closed-form solutions for equivalent modal damping ratios and effective modal participation factors are developed for a single layer with a shear wave velocity distribution varying from constant to linearly increasing with depth. Compact and recursive forms of solutions for equivalent modal damping ratios are developed for a system with an arbitrary number of homogeneous layers on an elastic half-space. Comparisons with numerical solutions show that the modal solutions are accurate. The nominal frequency of a site, i.e. the inverse of four times the total shear wave travel time through the layers, is an important parameter for estimating the high mode frequencies. A parameter study shows that for the same impedance ratio of the bottom layer to the elastic half-space, a system of soil layers with an increasing soil rigidity with depth has, in general, larger peak modal amplifications at the ground surface than does a single homogeneous layer on an elastic half-space, while a system with a decreasing soil rigidity with depth has smaller modal peak amplifications. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

数字地质编录中坡面展示影像图的制作研究

基于影像的数字地质编录是摄影测量和工程地质学科边缘交叉发展的技术成果之一．目前仍处于研究阶段。介绍了影像数字地质编录中坡面展示影像图的制作原理及其流程，重点阐述了畸变校正后像片坡面影像几何纠正的两种不同的处理方法。实践表明，两种处理方法的结合能够很好地满足数字地质编录中对展示影像图的生成及使用的要求。