根据Dobson和TOMS资料分析北京和昆明大气臭氧总量变化特征

用约２０年 Ｄｏｂｓｏｎ和ＴＯＭＳ资料来分析北京（３９.９３°Ｎ，１１６.４０°Ｅ）和昆明 （２５.０２°Ｎ，１０２．６８°）两地大气臭氧总量的变化特征，结果表明：（１）在１９７９－２０００年间北京大气臭氧长期变化趋势是－０．６４２ ＤＵ／年，而昆明在１９８０－２０００年间的趋势是－０.００９ ＤＵ／年；（２）北京和昆明两地大气臭氧都有很强的季节内变化（尤其冬季更强），与季节性变化强度相当；（３）在北京和昆明，由记录较短的大气臭氧资料分析得到的长期变化趋势，与较长记录得到的结果有显著差异；（４）在北京（中纬度）和昆明（低纬度）大气臭氧都有显著的准两年振荡信号；（５）两个站点大气臭氧的年际变化主要由长期趋势项和准两年振荡信号组成；（６）Ｄｏｂｓｏｎ仪测量得到的臭氧总量与ＴＯＭＳ资料非常一致。     

INTENSITY INDEX OF SOUTH CHINA SEA MONSOON AND ITS VARIATION CHARACTERISTICS

According to the basic characteristics of the activities of summer monsoon in the South China Sea,Standardized index,Is,has been designed that integrates a dynamic factor(southwesterly component) and a thermodynamic factor(OLR) for the indication of summer monsoon in the South China Sea,With the index determined for individual months of June,July and August and the entire summertime from 1975 to 1999,specific months and years are indicated that are either strong or weak in monsoon intensity,The variation is studied for the patterns and Is‘s relationship is revealed with the onset of summer monsoon and the precipitation in Guang-dong province and China.The results show that there are quasi-10 and quasi-3-4 year cycles in the interannual variation of the monsooon over the past 25 years.When it has an early(late)onset,the summer monsoon is usually strong (weak),In the strong(weak)monsoon,years,precipitation tends to be more(less)in the first raining season of the year but normal or less(normal)in the second,in the province,but it would be more(less) in northeastern China and most parts of the northern china and south of the lower reaches of the Changjiang River and less(more)in the middle and lower reaches of the river,western part of northern China and western China.     

青藏高原冬季平均温度、湿度气候特征的REOF分析

通过对青藏高原123个测站, 1961~1998年冬季 (12月至翌年2月) 平均温度、相对湿度资料做气候特征分析, 得到32°~33°N附近地区可能是高原南北温湿变化的分水岭, 以北主要受干冷空气影响, 以南主要受暖湿空气影响。用方差极大正交旋转EOF (即REOF) 方法对以上资料进行分析, 可以将青藏高原温度、相对湿度进行分型、分区, 并对各区的温度、相对湿度特征进行分析。结果表明, 近40年来, 各区的温度总趋势是在波动中逐步升高的。增温时段主要出现在1978~1981年及1983年至今。1983年开始的增温, 是近40年来最强的一次, 增温幅度大且持续时间长, 但从90年代开始增温幅度及范围出现波动。从温度线性倾向来看, 东部高原增温幅度从南到北存在“大—小—大”的现象。高原大部分地区湿度变化总趋势是在波动中逐步增湿的, 但高原北界以变干为主。从80年代后期至今高原进入显著增湿阶段, 但从90年代中后期开始增湿幅度及范围出现波动。从湿度线性倾向来看东部高原增湿幅度从南到北存在逐步减小现象, 甚至祁连山地区出现变干现象。     

南水北调中线工程上第三系膨胀性硬粘土的工程地质特性研究

上第三系硬粘土在中国东部新生代沉积盆地具有广泛的分布 ,因其性质复杂而成为中国区域性特殊岩土研究的重要对象。纵贯于南阳盆地和华北盆地西缘的南水北调中线工程长距离地开挖在不同的上第三系硬粘土中。本文在对南阳盆地、方城宝丰、邯郸永年三渠段上百个原状样的物质组成、物理性质、物化性质、膨胀性和收缩性、强度特性系统测试分析的基础上 ,总结了各类硬粘土的工程地质特性及其形成机理和变化规律 ,并根据不同湿度、围压状态下的试验结果分析了硬粘土的工程环境效应 ,这对于认识上第三系硬粘土在开挖运营条件下的变形破坏机理有着重要的理论和实际意义。     

贵州关岭生物群中植物化石的发现及其意义

关岭生物群是近年来在我国贵州关岭地区瓦窑组中发现的一个十分重要的生物群 ,其中的植物化石经研究计有 Equisetites cf.arenaceus(Jaeger) Bronn.、Ctenozamitessarrani Zeiller。依据植物化石 C.sarrani常见于晚三叠世和 E.cf.arenaceus系似木贼属中较古老的类型 ,指出含植物化石的地层时代为晚三叠世卡尼期。瓦窑组系海相沉积 ,其中的植物化石无疑为异地埋藏 ,但从化石通常保存尚好来看 ,估计搬运的距离不会很远 ,它们可能是从距海岸不远的陆地被河流带到较平静的海湾或海槽而沉积下来的。此外 ,从该组植物茎干化石具清楚的年轮分析 ,推测卡尼期时 ,贵州关岭一带为非热带雨林地区 ,一年中气候不是四季如一 ,而是有明显的季节变化     

Implications of the relationship between catchment vegetation type and the variability of annual runoff

The impact of changing catchment vegetation type on mean annual runoff has been known for some time, however, the impact on the variability of annual runoff has been established only recently. Differences in annual actual evapotranspiration between vegetation types and the potential effect of changing vegetation type on mean annual runoff and the variability of annual runoff are briefly reviewed. The magnitude of any change in the variability of annual runoff owing to a change in catchment vegetation type is related to the pre‐ and post‐change vegetation types and the seasonality of precipitation, assuming that the variability of annual precipitation remains constant throughout. Significant implications of the relationship between vegetation type and the variability of annual runoff are presented and discussed for water resource management, stream ecology and fluvial geomorphology. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

末次盛冰期百年尺度气候变化的南京石笋记录

据年层计数和TIMSU系测年结果,建立了南京汤山葫芦洞YT石笋年际精度时间标尺(18000～14000aB.P.)。除石笋顶部5mm层段外,高分辨率的^δ18O、灰度和年层厚度3种指标在百年尺度上具有相当一致的对应关系,表明这3种指标对气候因素变化响应比较敏感。综合石笋^δ18O和本区古植被资料,估计末次盛冰期和波令暖期年均温分别达7℃和15℃。石笋揭示的末次盛冰期气候可进一步划分为4个阶段:1)18150～16900aB.P.,年均温和洞穴湿度逐步下降;2)16900～16100aB.P.,年均温和洞穴湿度相对稳定,可进一步划分为3个暖峰和两个冷谷;3)16100～15600aB.P.,年均温快速下降,按氧同位素平衡方程计算,其冷谷可能接近于0℃,但洞穴湿度比前期下降幅度并不大;4)15600～14750aB.P.,年均温和洞穴湿度比较稳定。这种气候演化的阶段性和突变性与北大西洋地区气候记录可以对比,反映极地与东亚季风气候受共同的驱动机制支配。从石笋4种指标(^δ18O、^δ13C、灰度和年层厚度)的功率谱图中识别出不同尺度的太阳活动周期成分,其中80aGleissberg周期特别显著,表明末次盛冰期边界条件下太阳活动仍是短尺度气候变化的主要驱动力。     

介休井水位异常的调查与分析

从井孔周围地下水开采量变化、大气降雨补给量变化、农田灌溉用水量变化、矿井塌方、涌水、排水和地震活动等影响因素入手 ,对 1999年至 2 0 0 0年间介休井水位的 2次突降原因进行了调查。通过初步分析 ,表明介休井水位阶降型异常具有一定的震兆性质 ,其水位的缓慢上升与突然阶降意味着介休地区断裂活动在加速。其地震预测的意义是未来一段时间山西地震带内有发生MS≥ 5 0级地震可能     

Counting chronology and climate records with about 1000 annual layers of a Holocene stalagmite from the Water Cave in Liaoning Province, China

One active stalagmite from the Water Cave in Liaoning Province contains growth layers of three sizes. Based on thermal ionization mass spectrometry 230Th dating, we found that middle size layers are annual layers, with each middle layer consisting of one narrow dark layer and a wide bright layer. The small layers within middle layers are sub-annual layers and the large layers are multi-year layers. Based on the layer-counting method, we established a high-resolution time scale for layer thickness. Our results reveal two dramatic century-scale climate cycles over the past 1000 years in this region.     

Simultaneous radio and optical observations of the mid-latitude atmospheric response to a major geomagnetic storm of 6–8 April 2000

Basic properties of the mid-latitude traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) during the maximum phase of a major magnetic storm of 6–8 April 2000 are shown. Total electron content (TEC) variations were studied by using data from GPS receivers located in Russia and Central Asia. The nightglow response to this storm at mesopause and termospheric altitudes was also measured by optical instruments FENIX located at the observatory of the Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics (51.9°N,103.0°E), and MORTI located at the observatory of the Institute of Ionosphere (43.2°N, 77.0°E). Observations of the O (557.7 and 630.0 nm) emissions originating from atmospheric layers centered at altitudes of 90 and 250 km were carried out at Irkutsk and of the O₂(b¹∑_g⁺−X³∑_g⁻) (0-1) emission originating from an atmospheric layer centered at altitude of 94 km was carried out at Almaty. Our radio and optical measurement network observed a storm-induced solitary large-scale wave with duration of 1 h and a wave front width of no less than 5000 km, while it traveled equatorward with a velocity of 200 m/s from 62°N to 38°N geographic latitude. The TEC disturbance, basically displaying an electron content depression in the maximum of the F2 region, reveals a good correlation with growing nightglow emission, the temporal shift between the TEC and emission variation maxima being different for different altitudes. A comparison of the auroral oval parameters with dynamic spectra of TEC variations and optical 630 nm emissions in the frequency range 0.4–4 mHz (250–2500 s periods) showed that as the auroral oval expands into mid-latitudes, also does the region with a developed medium-sale and small-scale TEC structure.