四川盆地西部新场地区上三叠统须家河组二段构造裂缝的分布规律

川西坳陷新场地区上三叠统须家河组二段气藏具有储层致密、低孔隙度、低渗透率的特点,裂缝对储层具有非常重要的意义。通过电成像测井的手段,对工区内7口重点井须家河组二段发育的天然裂缝资料进行统计分析,得出下列结论：(1) 该层位裂缝主要有3组：T3末期的NE—SW向裂缝,K1末期的NW—SE向裂缝,N-Q时期的ESE—WNW至ENE—WSW向裂缝;(2)从线密度横向分布的角度分析,大致表现为距离断裂系统越近的位置裂缝的线密度越大的特点;(3) 主要发育低角度以及高角度斜交裂缝,水平缝发育较少,垂直缝不发育;(4) 裂缝线密度的不均质性较强;(5) 中砂岩是裂缝的主要载体,裂缝在粗砂岩、中砂岩中发育得更好,页岩最不利于裂缝发育;(6) 粗砂岩中发育裂缝的井均没有表现出明显的裂缝随层厚的增加而增多的趋势,中砂岩、细砂岩和页岩中裂缝随层厚的增加而增多的特点并不具有普遍意义,有些井细砂岩中发育的裂缝表现出不随层厚的变化而发生较大变化的特点。     

Unsupervised ore/waste classification on open-cut mine faces using close-range hyperspectral data

The remote mapping of minerals and discrimination of ore and waste on surfaces are important tasks for geological applications such as those in mining. Such tasks have become possible using ground-based, close-range hyperspectral sensors which can remotely measure the reflectance properties of the environment with high spatial and spectral resolution. However, autonomous mapping of mineral spectra measured on an open-cut mine face remains a challenging problem due to the subtleness of differences in spectral absorption features between mineral and rock classes as well as variability in the illumination of the scene. An additional layer of difficulty arises when there is no annotated data available to train a supervised learning algorithm. A pipeline for unsupervised mapping of spectra on a mine face is proposed which draws from several recent advances in the hyperspectral machine learning literature. The proposed pipeline brings together unsupervised and self-supervised algorithms in a unified system to map minerals on a mine face without the need for human-annotated training data. The pipeline is evaluated with a hyperspectral image dataset of an open-cut mine face comprising mineral ore martite and non-mineralised shale. The combined system is shown to produce a superior map to its constituent algorithms, and the consistency of its mapping capability is demonstrated using data acquired at two different times of day.     

Groundwater exploration using integrated geophysics method in hard rock terrains in Mount Betung Western Bandar Lampung,Indonesia

The presence of hard rock in Mount Betung has caused the misalignment of the groundwater aquifers,and resulted in many drilling failures for groundwater.An integrated geophysics method using gravity survey and Geoelectric Vertical Electrical Soundings(VES)were conducted to study the effect of basement and hard rock on groundwater prospects.From the gravity method,38 mapping points were carried out randomly,with a distance of 1-2 km in-between.Meanwhile,from the geoelectric method,51 VES points were acquired at the foot of Mount Betung.The acquisition was conducted with a Schlumberger configuration with AB/2=1 m to 250 m.The results show the Bouguer Anomaly in the west is 50-68 mgal due to the presence of hard rock in Mount Betung.This anomaly responds to relatively shallow hard rocks near surface.Hard rocks composed of andesite and breccia normally present at the depth of 5-180 m during well construction.Resistivity isopach mapping from VES data(at AB/2=50 m,100 m,and 150 m)shows the dominant constituents of hard rock.Fractures in hard rock contribute to secondary porosity,which could be a prospect zone that transmit groundwater.This finding shows that the fractures are randomly scattered,causing several well failures that have been worked.Furthermore,the fractures in the hard rock at the foot of Mount Betung acts as conduits between recharge at Mount Betung and the aquifer in the Bandar Lampung Basin.     

青海省都兰县阿斯哈金矿区HySpex高光谱矿物填图及其找矿意义

地面成像高光谱遥感具有图谱合一的优势,能够根据光谱特征进行地物的直接识别,是遥感领域的前沿方向。本文针对青海省都兰县阿斯哈金矿区蚀变带,建立了HySpex地面成像高光谱数据的标准处理流程,采用基于统计学模型的平场域法进行了光谱重建,基于专家知识选取了端元光谱,利用MTMF方法开展了矿物填图,在此基础上制作了阿斯哈金矿区蚀变带比例尺1∶100的真彩色图像和褐铁矿、绢云母等5种地物的高光谱地物分布图。总结出阿斯哈金矿区标志性蚀变矿物为褐铁矿和绢云母,并对提取出的地物进行了野外实地ASD光谱测量验证,符合程度好。阿斯哈金矿区HySpex地面成像高光谱数据应用实践表明该数据在地质领域具有较好的应用效果和广泛的前景。     

Dip variations of the North American and North Caribbean Plates dominate the tectonic activity of Puerto Rico–Virgin Islands and adjacent areas

The M 7.0 Haiti earthquake of 2010 in the Greater Antilles is a reminder that the northeastern Caribbean is at a high risk for seismic and tsunami hazards. The Greater Antilles consist of the Hispaniola microplate to the west and Puerto Rico–Virgin Islands to the east and are situated between two subduction zones with the Puerto Rico Trench to the north and the Muertos Trough to the south. Although there is no active volcanism on Puerto Rico, earthquake depths and previous seismic tomography results imply that the slabs of Caribbean and North American Plates exist at depth. However, how far the east Muertos Trough subduction of the North Caribbean Plate has extended has not been fully addressed. In addition, the Puerto Rico–Virgin Islands are bounded by extensional regimes to both the west (Mona Rift) and east (Anegada Passage). The cause of the extension is still under debate. In this paper, we use new 3D seismic tomography and gravity data to carry out an integrated study of the geometry of the subducting slabs of the North American and North Caribbean Plates in the Puerto Rico–Virgin Islands area. The results indicate that both slabs have an increase of dip westward, which is strongly controlled by the subduction rollback of the North American Plate. These variations affected the tectonic evolution of the Puerto Rico–Virgin Islands. Thus, the results of this research advance our understanding of the kinematic evolution of the Puerto Rico–Virgin Islands and associated natural hazards. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

面向对象的多源数据建筑物提取

建筑物是城市的重要标志之一,综合利用LiDAR数据和高分辨率遥感影像可以充分发挥不同数据源中提取建筑物的优势。本文基于面向对象分类理论,利用机载LiDAR数据和GeoEye高空间分辨率遥感影像,在多尺度分割的基础上对实验区分类并提取建筑物,进而对提取结果进行精度评价。实验表明,将LiDAR数据与高分辨率影像数据结合能够很好地提取建筑物,建筑物提取精度达89.28%。     

GPR velocity determination by image-wave remigration

We have studied in detail the theoretical and numerical properties of a finite-difference algorithm for image-wave time-remigration. For a number of synthetic models, numerical experiments have been performed. For these examples, we obtained perfect agreement between the theoretical predictions and numerical results. The examples also prove the computational efficiency of the algorithm. An application to ground-penetrating-radar (GPR) data demonstrates that image-wave remigration can be used to estimate models with laterally varying velocities. The quality of the latter is confirmed by a final zero-offset time migration.     

典型干扰对岩体裂隙优势方位计算结果的影响研究

应用平凉台地电场NS、 EW方位大地电场的分钟值, 其矢量合成结果表明, 该场地的大地电场强度、 方向变化都具有日周期性, 并且其方位与应用潮汐谐波振幅计算的岩体裂隙优势方位α角一致。 在该场地, 来自空间的磁暴干扰对α角的计算结果基本不产生影响; 模拟加入脉冲、 电阻率观测人工供电、 地铁等典型干扰, 在干扰幅度小于平凉台日变波峰值时, α角的计算结果基本不受影响; 模拟加入直流阶跃干扰时, 干扰加入当天会影响α角的计算结果, 但从第2天起不再影响α角的计算结果。     

高压直流输电对大柏舍台地电场观测干扰的分析

在分析高压直流输电对地电场观测产生干扰原因的基础上, 应用大柏舍台近年来受高压直流输电干扰的地电场数据分析受高压直流干扰时的地电场变化、 入地电流、 换流站接地极与台址关系, 计算了高压直流输电干扰时台址岩体裂隙优势方位。 结果表明: 地电场变化形态仅在高压输电入地电流开始注入和停止注入时产生大幅度的跃变; 高压直流输电干扰时电场强度与入地电流大小成正比, 与台址到换流站接地极的距离的平方成反比; 应用地电场潮汐变化前10阶谐波振幅计算台址岩体裂隙优势方位的方法有甄别高压直流输电干扰的效果。     

Fast estimation of prestack common reflection surface parameters

We present a method for fast estimation of finite offset common reflection surface parameters. Firstly, the derivatives with respect to offset are derived from the velocity guide. Secondly, we apply structure tensors to extract the derivatives with respect to midpoint from stacked common offset sections. Finally, the mixed derivative is estimated using a one-parametric semblance search. The proposed method is compared to the global five-parametric semblance search and the pragmatic sequential two-parametric semblance search on one synthetic and one real data set. The experiments show that the proposed method is more robust against noise than the pragmatic search and have comparable robustness with the global search. The proposed method smoothes parameter estimates in a local window, and the window size is set to give the best trade-off between detail and robustness. Since the proposed method is dependent on a velocity guide, the quality of the other parameter estimates may be influenced by any inaccuracies in the guide. The main advantage of the proposed method is the computational efficiency. When compared with a gridded implementation of the semblance search, the proposed method is 10 and 400 times faster than the pragmatic and global search. Alternative search strategies significantly reduce the computational cost of the global search. However, since more than 99% of the computational cost of the proposed method comes from the semblance search to estimate the mixed derivative, it is expected that such techniques also reduce the computational cost for the proposed method.