从地壳密度结构看中国大陆深层油气盆地的分布

面对21世纪的中国能源问题,要研究深埋在5km以下的古生代沉积盆地和潜在油气储层。由于结晶基底密度大、磁性较强,盆地沉积岩密度低而磁性弱,可用密度成像及磁性体顶面深度反演来确定深埋沉积盆地和潜在储层的分布范围。应用重力异常多尺度分析和密度成像方法,可以计算出反映中国深埋沉积盆地和潜在储层分布的密度扰动图,预测中国深埋盆地的分布。密度成像的低密度扰动区与磁性结晶基底顶面深度大的区域吻合,与反射地震剖面探测结果一致。通过密度扰动成像预测深埋沉积盆地主要分布在中国西部的塔里木、柴达木、四川、准噶尔和鄂尔多斯等盆地深层。东部岩石圈裂谷带也可形成深埋结晶基底裂隙型储层, 分布在华北和东北下方。中国深埋沉积盆地和潜在储层的总面积可达地面沉积盆地面积的45%左右,估计陆上面积1600000km2左右,海域面积600000km2左右,具有广阔的天然气勘探前景。     

Calpionellid zones of the Tithonian–Berriasian exotic limestone clasts from the Outer Carpathians,Poland

Calpionellids and chitinoidellids were identified from exotic limestone clasts occurring in flysch deposits of the Early Cretaceous to Oligocene age from the Silesian and Subsilesian nappes of the Polish Outer Carpathians. They represent the remnants of carbonate sedimentation along the northern and southern margin of the Severin-Moldavidic Basin, areas which are no longer preserved on the surface. Chitinoidellid and calpionellid assemblages characterize the Chitinoidella, Crassicollaria and Calpionella zones (latest early Tithonian–early Berriasian). The calpionellid zonation for the Western Carpathians was used for the present study, but some difficulties were encountered resulting from the application of this zonation. Cathodoluminescence imaging (CL) was useful for the identification of these microfossils in samples containing sparse and poorly preserved specimens, especially in the studied shallow-water limestone (the so-called Štramberk-type limestones).     

塔里木盆地西南部的三维密度扰动成像

塔里木盆地西南部位于昆仑造山带东北方,地壳构造特殊,是中国天然气勘探的重要区域。在地面重力调查的基础上,笔者等对2~15 km的盆地西南部的密度扰动结构进行成像计算,并结合电阻率三维结构对地壳构造进行分析。本文根据重力场小波变换的尺度—源深度转换律,进行地面重力异常场多尺度分解,取得了反映中国地壳不同埋藏深度的小波细节,揭示了研究区地壳的密度结构。结果表明,网度足够密的区域高精度重力场测量可以获得关于沉积盆地深部构造的丰富信息,应用小波多尺度分析和三维反演方法可以把与深层构造有关的地质信息提取出来,客观地为沉积盆地内部构造演化和油气勘探提供依据。塔里木盆地西南部上地壳三维密度扰动成像揭示了昆仑山脉向北仰冲推覆构造楔和山前坳陷带的立体结构,为盆山耦合动力学研究和深层油气勘探提供了新的认识。大地电磁数据三维反演取得的盆地三维电阻率模型,从电性结构角度得到了盆地的三维构造,和盆地西南部的密度结构有很好的相关性,支持了密度扰动成像的有关结论。     

The improvement of an object-oriented classification using multi-temporal MODIS EVI satellite data

Abstract

This paper investigates the contribution of multi-temporal enhanced vegetation index (EVI) data to the improvement of object-based classification accuracy using multi-spectral moderate resolution imaging spectral-radiometer (MODIS) imagery. In object-oriented classification, similar pixels are firstly grouped together and then classified; the produced result does not suffer the speckled appearance and closer to human vision. EVI data are from the MODIS sensor aboard Terra spacecraft. 69 EVI data (scenes) were collected during the period of three years (2001–2003) in a mountainous vegetated area. These data sets were used to study the phenology of the land cover types. Different land cover types show distinct fluctuations over time in EVI values and this information might be used to improve object-oriented land cover classification. Two experiments were carried out: one was only with single date MODIS multispectral data, and the other one including also the 69 EVI images. Eight classes were distinguished: temperate forest, tropical dry forest, grassland, irrigated agriculture, rain-fed agriculture, orchards, lava flows and human settlement. The two classifications were evaluated with independent verification data, and the results showed that with multi-temporal EVI data, the classification accuracy was improved 5.2%. Evaluated by McNemar's test, this improved was significant, with significance level p=0.01.     

Observations and conceptual modelling of morphological coupling in a double sandbar system

Nearshore sandbars, located in <10 m water depth, can contain remarkably periodic alongshore undulations in both cross‐shore position and depth. In a double sandbar system, the alongshore spacing of these morphological patterns in the inner sandbar may be identical to those in the outer sandbar. Although this morphological coupling has been observed previously, its frequency and predominance remain unclear. In this paper, we use a 9.3‐year dataset of daily low‐tide time exposure images from the double‐barred beach at Surfers Paradise (Gold Coast, Australia) to analyse the temporal and spatial characteristics of morphological coupling within a double sandbar system. We distinguish five types of morphological coupling between the inner and outer sandbars, of which four coincide with a downstate progression of the outer bar. Coupling is either in‐phase (with a landward perturbation of the inner bar facing an outer‐bar horn) or out‐of‐phase (with a seaward perturbation of the inner bar facing an outer‐bar horn), where the coupled inner‐bar features either consist of rip channels or, predominantly, perturbations of the low‐tide terrace. Cross‐correlation of the image‐derived inner‐ and outer‐bar patterns shows coupling to be a common phenomenon in the double sandbar system studied here, with coupling in 40% of the observations. In contrast to previous observations of sandbar–shoreline coupling at single‐barred beaches, in‐phase coupling (85% of all coupled bar patterns) predominates over out‐of‐phase coupling (15%). Based on our observations and bathymetries assimilated from the images for a restricted set of coupling events, we hypothesize that the angle of offshore wave incidence, wave height and depth variations along the outer sandbar determine the type of flow pattern (cell circulations versus meandering currents) above the inner bar and hence steer the type of coupling. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

逆时偏移中的归一化加权互相关成像条件及应用

成像条件是决定声波方程叠前逆时深度偏移效果的重要因素。常规的归一化互相关成像条件能补偿深部地层的反射波能量,但无法压制地震波逆时偏移过程中产生的偏移噪声。针对归一化互相关成像条件的主要缺陷,从二维声波方程出发,在交错网格空间中推导了声波方程逆时延拓的高阶有限差分格式和PML吸收边界条件,进而在对常规互相关成像条件分析的基础上对其进行改进,给出了一种加权互相关成像条件,即在成像过程中利用炮检波场的夹角进行加权校正,以实现只利用炮点下行波场与接收点上行波场进行成像的目标。模型数据和实测资料偏移结果表明,归一化加权互相关成像条件成像效果明显优于常规归一化互相关成像条件。     

基于裂步Fourier法的探地雷达数值模拟及偏移成像

从电磁场基本理论出发,利用裂步Fourier法推导出了水平层状介质中频率—波数域电场分量的波场外推公式,通过对设计的钢筋展布模型和衬砌厚度模型的数值模拟和偏移成像结果分析可以得出:裂步Fourier法不但可以实现二维非均匀介质中探地雷达正演模拟及偏移成像,而且具有编程易于实现、计算量小的优点。通过工程实例验证,进一步说明了裂步Fourier法偏移成像的有效性和实用性。     

Multi-frequency synthetic-aperture imaging with a lightweight ground penetrating radar system

The detection of buried objects, particularly hazardous waste containers and unexploded ordnance (UXO), has gained significant interest in the Unites States in the late 1990s. The desire to remediate the thousands of sites worldwide has become an increasing concern and the application of radar to this problem has received renewed attention. The US Department of Energy's Special Technologies Laboratory (STL), operated by Bechtel Nevada, has developed several frequency-modulated, continuous-wave (FM-CW) ground penetrating radar (GPR) units. To meet technical requirements for higher-resolution data, STL and the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB) is investigating advanced GPR hardware, signal processing, and synthetic-aperture imaging with the development of an innovative system. The goal is to design and fabricate a lightweight, battery-operated unit that does not require surface contact, can be operated by a novice user, and can achieve improved resolution. The latter is accomplished by using synthetic-aperture imaging, which forms the subsurface images by fully utilizing the data sequences collectively along a scan path. We also present the backward propagation algorithm as the basic structure of the multiple-frequency tomographic imaging technique, and the conventional fast Fourier transform (FFT) method which can be described as a degenerated case of the model where the computation procedure is approximated under the narrow-beam assumption.     

The M 4 Core Project with HST: I. Overview and first epoch

We present an overview of the ongoing Hubble Space Telescope large program GO‐12911. The program is focused on the core of M 4, the nearest Galactic globular cluster, and the observations are designed to constrain the number of binaries with massive companions (black holes, neutron stars, or white dwarfs) by measuring the “wobble” of the luminous (mainsequence) companion around the center of mass of the pair, with an astrometric precision of ∼50 µas. The high spatial resolution and stable medium‐band PSFs of WFC3/UVIS will make these measurements possible. In this work we describe (i) the motivation behind this study, (ii) our observing strategy, (iii) the many other investigations enabled by this unique data set, and which of those our team is conducting, and (iv) a preliminary reduction of the first‐epoch dataset collected on 2012 October 10. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

基于多级次流动单元的砂砾岩储层分类渗透率评价方法——以陆丰油田古近系文昌组W53油藏为例

中国南海东部海域陆丰油田古近系文昌组砂砾岩储层具有岩性复杂、孔隙度低、孔隙结构非均质性较强等特征.不同类型储层渗流特征差异明显,传统的孔渗模型精度难以满足生产开发需要.流动单元能有效刻画储层内部渗流特征,但单纯依据流动单元指标进行流动单元划分就会出现错划的现象.文昌组储层非均质性由宏观到微观具有层次性,综合地质、测井、...