射线类偏移成像中的模型平滑处理研究

本文从能量泛函的角度着手,基于速度梯度,采用最速下降法推导了基于偏微分方程的速度模型平滑公式,用于解决射线类偏移成像过程当中速度模型的平滑处理问题.同时针对偏微分方程速度模型平滑系数中阈值k的选取对速度模型空间结构的影响,在简单的高速体速度模型上分析了不同k值的选取对原始速度模型空间结构的改变,并通过射线路径和时间场的对比分析证明偏微分方程速度模型平滑处理相对于卷积算子平滑的优越性.最后通过在Marmousi、Sigsbee2A原始速度模型以及平滑处理后的速度模型上的成像结果分析验证偏微分方程模型平滑的有效性.     

长短时记忆神经网络在地电场数据处理中的应用

作为深度学习方法的一种,长短时记忆神经网络(LSTM)是一种信号处理的重要方法.本文基于实际观测地电场数据来合成训练集,对特定结构的长短时记忆神经网络进行训练,将训练所得网络对测试集数据进行测试后,将网络应用至实际观测数据.结果显示,经过训练的网络很好地学到了训练集样本的特征,对测试集数据的信噪比压制了约20 dB,并过滤了人为添加的特定频率的干扰成分,对实际观测数据处理后得到明显的日变、半日变以及半月变、月变、半年变、年变等潮汐响应,表明长短时记忆神经网络可以有效应用于地电场数据处理研究.     

Data-driven retrieval of primary plane-wave responses

Seismic images provided by reverse time migration can be contaminated by artefacts associated with the migration of multiples. Multiples can corrupt seismic images, producing both false positives, that is by focusing energy at unphysical interfaces, and false negatives, that is by destructively interfering with primaries. Multiple prediction/primary synthesis methods are usually designed to operate on point source gathers and can therefore be computationally demanding when large problems are considered. A computationally attractive scheme that operates on plane-wave datasets is derived by adapting a data-driven point source gathers method, based on convolutions and cross-correlations of the reflection response with itself, to include plane-wave concepts. As a result, the presented algorithm allows fully data-driven synthesis of primary reflections associated with plane-wave source responses. Once primary plane-wave responses are estimated, they are used for multiple-free imaging via plane-wave reverse time migration. Numerical tests of increasing complexity demonstrate the potential of the proposed algorithm to produce multiple-free images from only a small number of plane-wave datasets.     

Investigating a time‐shift extended imaging condition in a Kirchhoff pre‐stack depth migration algorithm

Extracting true amplitude versus angle common image gathers is one of the key objectives in seismic processing and imaging. This is achievable to different degrees using different migration techniques (e.g., Kirchhoff, wavefield extrapolation, and reverse time migration techniques) and is a common tool in exploration, but the costs can vary depending on the selected migration algorithm and the desired accuracy. Here, we investigate the possibility of combining the local‐shift imaging condition, specifically the time‐shift extended imaging condition, for angle gathers with a Kirchhoff migration. The aims are not to replace the more accurate full‐wavefield migration but to offer a cheaper alternative where ray‐based methods are applicable and to use Kirchhoff time‐lag common image gathers to help bridge the gap between the traditional offset common image gathers and reverse time migration angle gathers; finally, given the higher level of summation inside the extended imaging migration, we wish to understand the impact on the amplitude versus angle response. The implementation of the time‐shift imaging condition along with the computational cost is discussed, and results of four different datasets are presented. The four example datasets, two synthetic, one land acquisition, and a marine dataset, have been migrated using a Kirchhoff offset method, a Kirchhoff time‐shift method, and, for comparison, a reverse time migration algorithm. The results show that the time‐shift imaging condition at zero time lag is equivalent to the full offset stack as expected. The output gathers are cleaner and more consistent in the time‐lag‐derived angle gathers, but the conversion from time lag to angle can be considered a post‐processing step. The main difference arises in the amplitude versus offset/angle distribution where the responses are different and dramatically so for the land data. The results from the synthetics and real data show that a Kirchhoff migration with an extended imaging condition is capable of generating subsurface angle gathers. The same disadvantages with a ray‐based approach will apply using the extended imaging condition relative to a wave equation angle gather solution. Nevertheless, using this approach allows one to explore the relationship between the velocity model and focusing of the reflected energy, to use the Radon transformation to remove noise and multiples, and to generate consistent products from a ray‐based migration and a full‐wave equation migration, which can then be interchanged depending on the process under study.     

几次大地震前后地电场中长期变化分析与研究

地电场是地球表面天然存在的电场, 包括大地电场和自然电场。 利用“合成能量累加”方法, 分析处理了甘肃省、 青海省、 四川省、 重庆市所辖部分台站2007年7月至2017年12月的地电场观测数据, 研究和讨论了汶川8.0级地震等几次大地震前后地电场中长期异常变化特征。 研究结果显示, 几次M_S7.0以上大地震前后, 均出现了地电场区域性准同步异常变化; 地电场异常变化经历了“震前—发震—震后”三个阶段, 震前和震后变化比较明显, 发震期变化相对平稳, 时间跨度达12个月以上; 地电场异常变化主要沿构造带分布, 变化强度随震中距的增加而减小。     

利用微震数据对震源下方构造直接成像

现有的微震记录直接成像方法是将微震记录既当作入射记录,也当作散射记录,从而实现偏移成像.但此方法并不能突出透射波所携带的来自震源下方的深层散射波信息.本文在假设已知微震位置与子波的前提下,提出了对微震下方构造进行逆时偏移的成像方法.该方法类似于常规的逆时偏移,只是震源位置在地下.这使得在成像时,地下更深部的入射波场相比震源在地表时会更为精确,因此能够获得更加准确的成像结果.该方法会给成像结果带来一种尾波高频干扰：地下的震源发出的上行波与上方介质作用后,所产生的多级散射波会干扰反传波场.对此,在成像过程中,对入射场和散射场都进行左右行波分离,以压制该噪声.而在子波信息未知,无法重构入射场时,使用了激发时间成像条件,也能够实现同等效果的偏移成像,且不会出现尾波高频干扰.利用数值实验验证了本文方法的有效性.     

3D diffraction imaging of fault and fracture zones via image spectral decomposition of partial images

The paper presents 3D diffraction imaging based on the spectral decomposition of a different combination of selective or partial images. These images are obtained by the pre-stack asymmetric migration procedure, which is weighted data summation. Spectral decomposition is done in the Fourier domain with respect to spatial dip and azimuth angles. Numerical examples with the application of different workflows for the synthetic and real data examples demonstrate detailed reliable reconstruction of the fractured zones and reliable reconstruction of fracture orientation on synthetic and real 3D data examples.     

大亚湾西南海域尖笔帽螺2020年7月暴发期内的分布特征

尖笔帽螺是一种分布广泛的翼足类生物,在食物网与生物地球化学循环中起着重要作用。2020年7月,大亚湾出现高密度尖笔帽螺,给当地生态安全带来潜在风险。文章利用浮游生物成像仪（PlanktonScope）,以定点的方式对大亚湾西南海域的环境因子与尖笔帽螺密度进行采样,并对大亚湾高密度尖笔帽螺的分布特征进行研究。结果显示：在水平方向上,尖笔帽螺主要分布于西部湾口及长湾附近海域,其他海域分布相对较少;在垂向上,尖笔帽螺多分布于高温低盐的表层,低温高盐的下层水体分布较少;体长分布方面,湾口西部及其北侧海域尖笔帽螺体长较长,小辣甲西侧、北侧海域尖笔帽螺体长偏短,湾口中部海域体长远小于其他区域。通过分析结果发现,此次大亚湾湾内高密度尖笔帽螺存在随外海海流输入的可能;温盐分布结果表明,尖笔帽螺多出现在海水表层,其垂直分布可能也受海水分层及海流的影响。通过对尖笔帽螺分布特征的归纳与讨论,可以为后续该种生物的进一步溯源提供参考。     

衰减干涉假象的海洋一次波与多次波同时成像方法

海水与空气间的强波阻抗差使得海洋地震资料普遍发育自由表面相关多次波,如何利用好多次波所携带的有效信息已成为提高海洋地震资料成像品质的新突破点.基于面炮偏移的一次波与多次波同时成像方法能够避免多次波预测精度的影响,但是,正向传播的震源子波与反向延拓的自由表面相关多次波所产生的干涉假象严重制约了该技术的应用,本文提出了一种基于单程波偏移算子,可在成像域压制干涉假象的一次波与多次波同时成像方法.其中包含了三个步骤:第一,传统单程波偏移成像方法中的震源子波替换为一次波、多次波与震源子波,初始上行延拓波场为一次波与多次波,基于单程波算子的波场延拓与互相关成像条件的应用得到包含干涉假象的一次波与多次波同时成像;第二,以子波为震源,自由表面相关多次波为记录,按照传统单程波偏移成像方法得到干涉假象;第三,基于最小二乘匹配滤波算法,将第一步的成像结果与第二步的干涉假象进行匹配相减,得到干涉假象衰减后的一次波与多次波同时成像,避开了由于实际资料子波无法准确提取而造成一次波与多次波对成像能量级的不一致性.Sigsbee2B模型测试验证了本方法的有效性,并在我国某探区深海实际资料处理中得到了成功应用,深层基底得到了清晰刻画,并且照明均衡度明显改善.     

基于Hinge损失函数的垂向全变差约束全波形反演

全波形反演可以为叠前深度偏移成像提供更高精度的速度模型,但该方法具有较强的非线性,对初始速度模型的依赖性较强,尤其是在实际应用中,地质条件复杂多变,速度变化不连续,增加了反演非线性程度,常常使反演陷入局部极小值,影响反演的精度.全变差约束在图像去噪领域应用广泛,属于非光滑约束,在去噪过程中能有效的保留图像的不连续界面和边缘信息.本文提出基于Hinge损失函数的垂向全变差约束全波形反演方法,在全变差约束的基础上,利用Hinge损失函数控制模型的更新方向,并使用原-对偶混合梯度算法进行求解,给出这一优化问题的迭代格式,有效提高了对地下不连续界面的重构精度,同时也降低反演对初始速度模型的依赖程度.数值算例证明：与常规全波形反演方法相比,基于全变差约束的全波形反演方法可以有效的重构速度模型中的不连续界面,尤其对高速体边缘的重构效果更明显,但该方法对初始速度模型的依赖性仍然较强;基于Hinge损失函数的垂向全变差约束全波形反演方法降低了对初始速度模型的依赖程度,可以从一个较差的初始模型通过循环迭代的方式最终得到同样精确的速度模型,较好的重构了高速体边缘和不连续界面.