基于MODIS的长江口表层水体盐度时空分异

长江河口地处海陆交汇地区,其海表盐度受到长江流域、东海和三角洲社会经济活动的复合影响。水体盐度直观反映了河口区域冲淡水分布,对于研究淡水羽状锋、长江物质输送与河口环境变化等具有重要意义。本文分别对枯季和洪季的长江口盐度实测数据,以及中分辨率成像光谱仪（moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer,MODIS）遥感反射率与反射率的比值进行拟合回归分析,建立长江口表层盐度反演经验模型,得到枯季的相关系数和均方根误差（root-mean-square error,RMSE）分别为-0.930 3、0.45‰,洪季的相关系数和RMSE分别为-0.818 5、0.88‰;并分析模型在时间尺度上的适用性。利用该盐度反演模型对长江口2007-2016年的表层盐度进行反演,结合大通站记录的长江径流量观测资料,分析长江口表层水体盐度的时空变化规律。结果表明：长江口表层盐度受径流量影响较大,空间上呈自西向东递增趋势,具有季节性分异;枯季近岸盐度较高,高盐度海水可以到达长江口南北支分叉122.5°E附近;洪季冲淡水影响范围广,高盐度海水聚集在123°E以东、31°N以南,长江口北部出现低盐区域;2007-2016年间枯季大通站流量呈上升趋势,平均盐度为29.27‰,总体呈降低趋势,洪季大通站流量呈降低趋势,平均盐度为27.10‰,呈上升趋势,盐度和径流量在年际变化中存在良好的负相关关系。     

Stretching correction for amplitude-preserving vector wavefield reverse-time migration

The migration of multi-wave seismic data is aimed at obtaining the P- and S-wave imaging results of the amplitude preserving. But the P- and S-wave stretching effect produced by the reverse time migration of the elastic wave equation will not only reduce the vertical resolution of the migration results and the amplitude preserving of the large reflection angle. In this paper, the reverse time migration technique of amplitude preserving vector wave-field separating is used. Based on the analysis of the stretch mechanism and the influencing factors of stretch magnitude, the paper gave the stretch correcting factors. Then, realize the stretch correction method at the time that after the reverse extrapolation and before the imaging by solving the problem which is how to calculate the P-wave and Ps-wave propagation directions of imaging points at different times. The stretch correction method can improve the vertical resolution and amplitude fidelity of the imaging results and provide high fidelity input data for seismic data interpretation and inversion.© 2019 China Geology Editorial Office.     

Remote sensing of paleodrainage systems west of the Nile River,Egypt

Remotely sensed data show details of the geomorphic features and landscape evolution west of the Nile. The detected features include remnants of paleochannels, flutes and rock-mass movements. Fused radar/optical data, altitudinal profiles and 3D perspective view provided evidences of massive landslides that fully blocked the earlier Nile channel near to the Western Desert plateau. This channel was ~30 km west of the present Nile at ~100 m above the present level of the Nile. Subsequently, the fluvial activities shifted about ~10 km eastward, leaving behind several remnants of paleochannels, fluvial deposits, ancient landscape and Nilotic fauna. The automatic extraction of stream networks clearly depicts the developments of paleochannels. Our results revealed that fluvial activity switched from the Gallaba plain to the present Nile course through a series of tectonic and climatic changes. Furthermore, integration of radar and optical images provided an explanation for causes of the undulated forms ‘flutes’.     

Ground-based hyperspectral imaging and terrestrial laser scanning for fracture characterization in the Mississippian Boone Formation

Petroleum geoscientists have been using cores and well logs to study source rocks and reservoirs, however, the inherent discontinuous nature of these data cannot account for horizontal heterogeneities. Modern exploitation requires better understanding of important source rocks and reservoirs at outcrop scale. Remote sensing of outcrops is becoming a first order tool for reservoir analog studies including horizontal heterogeneities. This work used ground-based hyperspectral imaging, terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), and high-resolution photography to study a roadcut of the Boone Formation at Bella Vista, northwest Arkansas, and developed an outcrop model for reservoir analog analyses.The petroliferous Boone Formation consists of fossiliferous limestones interbedded with chert of early Mississippian age. We used remote sensing techniques to identify rock types and to collect 3D geometrical data. Mixture tuned matched filtering classification of hyperspectral data show that the outcrop is mostly limestones with interbedded chert nodules. 1315 fractures were classified according to their strata-bounding relationships, among these, larger fractures are dominantly striking in ENE – WSW directions. Fracture extraction data show that chert holds more fractures than limestones, and both vertical and horizontal heterogeneities exist in chert nodule distribution.Utilizing ground-based remote sensing, we have assembled a virtual outcrop model to extract mineral composition as well as fracture data from the model. We inferred anisotropy in vertical fracture permeability based on the dominancy of fracture orientations, the preferential distribution of fractures and distribution of chert nodules. These data are beneficial in reservoir analogs to study rock mechanics and fluid flow, and to improve well performances.     

星载多相机拼接成像传感器在轨辐射定标方法

星载传感器在轨辐射定标是定量遥感的核心和基础,其定标精度将直接决定定量遥感产品的质量。但是对于多相机拼接成像传感器而言,现有在轨辐射定标方法无法实现各相机绝对辐射定标与相机间相对辐射校正的一体化处理。因此,本文以高分一号(GF-1)卫星宽视场(WFV)传感器为例,提出了一种基于改进型辐射区域网平差的在轨辐射定标方法。该方法首先利用传统的交叉定标方法获取WFV传感器各相机的辐射控制点信息,然后在同轨相邻相机影像重叠区域中提取辐射连接点信息,最后在考虑相机间相对辐射校正与绝对辐射定标之间的耦合关系后,采用整体平差的方式同时获取各相机在轨绝对辐射定标系数及辐射约束条件方程参数。试验结果表明采用该方法获得的各波段在轨绝对辐射定标系数的相对误差均优于9.34%,同时利用该定标系数能够实现同轨相邻相机影像间相对辐射校正处理,其重叠区域各波段表观辐亮度差异绝对值的平均值均小于1.63 W·m~(-2)·sr~(-1)·μm~(-1)。     

Evaluating the influence of mixture composition on the kinetics of salt damage in wall paintings using time lapse video imaging with direct data annotation

This paper presents an examination of the timescale of phase transition behaviour of a series of salts known to cause damage to wall paintings and other cultural property. The rate of deliquescence and crystallisation of single salts (nitromagnesite and halite) under different RH regimes, and the extent to which this was affected when mixed with other salts (niter, nitratite and gypsum), was investigated. The study was conducted using simple conventional techniques (mass measurements over time) and also using an innovative new method: timelapse video imaging with online data annotation. The results demonstrate the synergy gained from combining video imaging with environmental data in reference to time in the study of salt phase changes: where it revealed new information concerning the kinetics of deliquescence and crystallisation. The implications of these results for the implementation of environmental control measures within historic buildings are discussed.

太阳高能观测技术

通常将太阳高能观测划分为三个能段,软Ｘ 射线能段（０ ．１ｋｅＶ～１０ｋｅＶ） ,Ｘ 射线及软γ射线能段（０ ．１ ＭｅＶ～１０ ＭｅＶ） ,γ射线能段（１ ＭｅＶ 以上） 。本文就各个能段的探测技术,包括成像系统和探测器,作了全面的调研,重点在新技术的应用。     

红外相机OASIS的偏振器设计

介绍为日本冈山天文台１．８８ｍ镜红外相机（ＯＡＳＩＳ）研制的红外偏振器．该偏振器与ＯＡＳＩＳ配备可实现～４．１′视场的近红外成像偏振观测．偏振器包括可旋转的消色差半波片和固定的致冷偏振片,通过旋转半波片对入射光的调制取得线偏振测量．实际观测给出ＪＨＫ波段的偏振效率分别为８６．３％、９７．０％和９７．５％．并给出了ＯＡＳＩＳ偏振观测与前人观测结果的比较     

分子外流源L1211中近红外HH天体的发现

报告分子外流源Ｌ１２１１ 中新发现的１２ 个近红外ＨＨ 天体．在Ｌ１２１１ 的～４’区域,取得了ＪＨＫ’宽带和Ｈ２ 　ｖ ＝ １０ 　Ｓ（１） 发射线窄带的近红外图像．分析表明,新探测到的许多红外源与浓密分子云物理成协,其中有２０ 多个源表现出典型的Ｔ Ｔａｕｒｉ 星、Ｈｅｒｂｉｇ Ａｅ／Ｂｅ星和原恒星的红外超．Ｌ１２１１ 中的ＩＲＡＳ点源没有被观测到,可能是更深地埋于分子云中．对红外观测和分子线观测消光估计的比较显示,小于２μｍ 的近红外观测还不足以揭示深埋于分子云的整个年轻星团．根据近红外ＨＨ 天体的形态分布和红外源性质,能进一步证认这些ＨＨ 天体的激发源．其结果表明,Ｌ１２１１ 分子云中具有多个红外源驱动的多个外流活动     

Investigation of a Tertiary maar structure using three-dimensional resistivity imaging

This paper presents the application of the electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) method to the investigation of the Tertiary maar structure of Baruth (Germany) known from previous gravimetric surveys. ERT was applied to support the optimum location for a palaeoclimatological drill hole.
  Special modifications of data acquisition, signal processing and inversion are introduced to adapt the method of ERT to the special requirements for the 3-D investigation of structures with horizontal extensions of 1  km or more. More than 5000 dipole–dipole combinations were recorded at three concentric circular electrode arrangements using stand-alone transient data acquisition systems (RefTek).
  We present a fast approximate imaging technique based on the simultaneous iterative reconstruction technique (SIRT). As the complete calculation of the inverse Frechét matrix is avoided, the algorithm is especially suitable for large data and model spaces, where complete inversion is beyond the limits of available computing hardware. The single-step method is applicable to arbitrary irregular electrode layouts. Synthetic tests show that the imaging procedure reconstructs the main features of the subsurface.
  A low-resistivity body could be interpreted as limnic sediments filling the interior of the Tertiary maar crater. Considering the horizontal resistivity gradient, estimates for the lateral and depth extents of the structure were made. An optimum position for a palaeoclimatological borehole was found, and was in good agreement with the gravimetric minimum.