Simulation of erosion-deposition processes at basin scale by a physically-based mathematical model

The development and application of the physically-based and spatially-distributed mathematical model CTSS8-SED is presented. The model simulates hydrologic-hydraulic processes produced by storm events and related soil erosion and sediment transport processes at basin scale in lowland areas. The model simulates (i) storm runoff,(ii) soil detachment by raindrop impact and overland flow (gross sediment yield),(iii) sediment transport by overland flow and associated erosion-deposition processes and (iv) sediment transport by stream flow and riverbed erosion-deposition processes. A quasi two-dimensional representation of water flow and sediment transport routing is made by means of interconnected cells approach. The model is applied to simulate two flooding events in the Luduea Creek basin (Santa Fe, Argentina) occurred in April 1994 and March 2007 due to extraordinary rainfalls.     

偏移速度分析与速度反演方法评述

本文阐述了各向同性介质中纵波偏移速度建模中的速度分析方法原理及其优缺点,包括常规速度分析、偏移速度分析、层析偏移速度分析以及全波形反演。其中着重阐述了深度域速度建模中的速度分析方法原理及其在实用中的优缺点。最后对深度域偏移速度分析方法进行了展望。     

巴颜喀拉块体东缘形变及九寨沟地震孕震环境数值分析

2017年8月8日四川发生九寨沟M7.0地震,是继2008年汶川M8.0地震后发生在巴颜喀拉块体东部的又一强震.现今GPS速度观测数据显示,2008年汶川地震前后的1999-2007年和2011-2016年两个时间段内巴颜喀拉块体东部地表速度场存在明显的差异.本文以实际GPS速度观测资料为约束,构建三维有限元地球动力学模型,分别计算分析了两个时段内震源区及周边现今地壳形变、弹性应变能和应力积累特征,进一步探讨汶川地震的发生对九寨沟地区变形及应力的影响.数值模拟结果显示,汶川地震之后(2011-2016年)巴颜喀拉块体东部的地壳形变、弹性应变能积累及应力积累速率均明显大于震前,增加量值达1.5-3倍;九寨沟地震发震断裂上库仑应力增长率在1999-2007年约为0.7 kPa·a~(-1),2011-2016年间增至1.2 kPa·a~(-1).上述结果表明,现今巴颜喀拉块体东部地壳应力积累过程有利于左旋走滑型九寨沟地震的发生,汶川地震的发生调整了区域应力状态,加速了九寨沟地震的孕育过程.     

井震联合分析预测神狐海域天然气水合物可能的垂向分布

已有的地质与地球物理信息表明南中国海北部陆坡神狐海域存在天然气水合物,2007年钻井和取样结果证实其以细颗粒均匀存在于水合物稳定带内,但区域分布范围极不规则.由于测井记录长度和取样深度的范围有限,天然气水合物垂向分布特征难以确定.为了深入了解此区域天然气水合物深度上的分布规律,对SH7井的多种测井数据进行综合分析并与地震反射特征建立联系,得到三个主要的沉积物性变化层位并以此为基础进行叠后数据的伪井约束反演,结果表明在已证实的含水合物层之下还存在高速层.而AVO叠前正演模拟分析结果与实际地震数据对比表明,研究区的天然气水合物稳定带可能由含水合物沉积物与饱水沉积物的薄互层组成,这就意味着在取样获得天然气水合物样品的深度之下,很可能存在另一个含水合物层.     

Remote effects of tropical cyclone wind forcing over the western Pacific on the eastern equatorial ocean

An ocean general circulation model （OGCM） is used to demonstrate remote effects of tropical cyclone wind （TCW） forcing in the tropical Pacific. The signature of TCW forcing is explicitly extracted using a locally weighted quadratic least=squares regression （called as LOESS） method from six-hour satellite surface wind data; the extracted TCW component can then be additionally taken into account or not in ocean modeling, allowing isolation of its effects on the ocean in a clean and clear way. In this paper, seasonally varying TCW fields in year 2008 are extracted from satellite data which are prescribed as a repeated annual cycle over the western Pacific regions off the equator （poleward of 10°N/S）; two long-term OGCM experiments are performed and compared, one with the TCW forcing part included additionally and the other not. Large, persistent thermal perturbations （cooling in the mixed layer （ML） and warming in the thermocline） are induced locally in the western tropical Pacific, which are seen to spread with the mean ocean circulation pathways around the tropical basin. In particular, a remote ocean response emerges in the eastern equatorial Pacific to the prescribed off-equatorial TCW forcing, characterized by a cooling in the mixed layer and a warming in the thermocline. Heat budget analyses indicate that the vertical mixing is a dominant process responsible for the SST cooling in the eastern equatorial Pacific. Further studies are clearly needed to demonstrate the significance of these results in a coupled ocean-atmosphere modeling context.     

城市钻孔数据地下三维地质建模软件的实现

介绍了基于钻孔数据的城市地下三维地质建模软件的实现过程，提出了基于钻孔数据三维地质建模的总体思路、钻孔数据管理和层序分层方法，还介绍了软件的模块组成及应用实例。建立的软件实现了对城市钻孔数据的三维建模、可视化分析和科学管理，具有丰富的二维成图和三维显示功能，实例的应用也说明本软件是分析城市第四系构造格架和演化的有力工具。     

树轮年代学的若干进展

树轮年代学是一门研究树木木质部年生长层，以及利用年生长层来定年的科学。由于树轮不仅是一种定年工具，它本身还可提供树轮生成时的环境要素信息，为一种环境变化的代用资料。在全球变化特别是在过去全球气候变化研究中，树轮年代学受到愈来愈广泛的重视，在近期内取得了长足的、惊人的进展。本文仅在树轮长年表的建立，树轮年代学生物基础研究──模式研究，利用树轮对环境要素变化的研究，以及树轮的图像分析等几个与环境变化研究相关的方面和本学科目前研究热点的若干进展，予以概要的论述。     

东亚地区Younger Dryas气候突变的数值模拟研究

YoungerDryas(YD)气候突变事件是近两万年中一次全球性的气候急剧变冷事件。文章试图在东亚地区YD事件的若干证据基础上,从海洋、冰盖和大气的热力学以及动力学角度出发,利用气候模拟方法就东亚地区YD气候突变的机制和一些成因假说进行敏感性试验。模拟结果表明,因淡水通量异常引起的海洋表面温度降低是YD形成的直接原因。海洋大气耦合作用对于YD传播强度及时间不同步具有重要作用。除北大西洋淡水通量异常的作用外,南半球海洋的淡水通量异常可能对东亚地区的YD事件有着更重要的贡献。海洋耦合大气环流模式模拟表明,东亚与欧洲降温具有不同步性,最大变化速率欧洲达到-0.122℃/a,东亚地区为-0.067℃/a。模拟结果与东亚地区YD时期的气候记录在特征上能够进行对比,反映了模拟试验的边界和强迫条件的设计接近东亚古气候状况,因而模拟结果对分析海洋、冰盖和大气的热力学以及动力学探讨揭示YD气候事件的物理机制和动力原因具有可靠的依据。     

A simple model accounting for the uptake,transport, and deposition of wind‐eroded mineral particles in the hyperarid coastal Atacama Desert of northern Chile

As previously observed in marine sediments collected downwind of African or South American continental sources, recent studies of sediment cores collected at the bottom of Mejillones Bay in north Chile (23°S) show a laminated structure in which the amount of particles of aeolian origin and their size create significant differences between the layers. This suggests inter‐annual to inter‐decadal variations in the strength of the local southerly winds responsible for (1) the erosion of the adjacent hyperarid surface of the Mejillones Pampa, and (2) the subsequent transport of the eroded particles towards the bay. A simple model accounting for the vertical uptake, transport, and deposition of the particles initially set into motion by wind at the surface of the pampa is proposed. This model, which could be adapted to other locations, assumes that the initial rate of (vertical) uptake is proportional to the (horizontal) saltation flux quantified by means of White's equation, that particles are lifted to a height (H), increasing with the magnitude of turbulence, and that sedimentation progressively removes the coarsest particles from the air column as it moves towards the bay. In this model, the proportionality constant (A) linking the vertical flux of particles with the horizontal flux, and the injection height (H) control the magnitude and size distribution of the deposition flux in the bay. Their values are determined using the wind speed measured over the pampa and the size distribution of particles collected in sediment traps deployed in the bay as constraints. After calibration, the model is used to assess the sensitivity of the deposition flux to the wind intensity variations. The possibility of performing such quantitative studies is necessary for interpreting precisely the variability of the aeolian material in the sediment cores collected at the bottom of Mejillones Bay. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

用ANSYS模拟结构-地基动力相互作用振动台试验的建模方法

本文以结构－地基动力相互作用振动台模型试验为基础，结合通用有限元软件ANSYS，对结构－地基动力相互作用体系进行有限元计算建模的一些问题作了研究，主要包括柔性土容器的模拟、土体动力本构模型的选用、土体与结构交界面上的状态非线性模型、网格划分、重力的考虑、结构中钢筋的处理以及对称性的应用等。文中给出了利用上述建模方法对结构－地基动力相互作用体系进行计算的一些加速度时程结果，并与试验结果相对照，吻合较好。通过计算分析，验证了简化处理方法的合理性和计算模型的可行性。