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81.
生态地理建模中的多尺度问题 总被引:29,自引:0,他引:29
本文在分析生态地理建模内涵的基础上,讨论了生态地理建模中的尺度转换问题、跨尺度相互作用问题、空间尺度与时间尺度的关联问题和多尺度数据处理问题.由于生态地理问题的非线性、生态环境的异质性和随机事件,简单的线性尺度转换方法远不能满足生态地理建模的要求.为了从根本上解决生态地理建模中的时空尺度问题,除需要运用微分几何学和等级理论等经典方法外,还需要引入格点生成法和网格计算等现代理论和技术手段. 相似文献
82.
Emil V. Stanev Jörg-Olaf Wolff Hans Burchard Karsten Bolding Götz Flöser 《Ocean Dynamics》2003,53(1):27-51
In this paper we use a combination of numerical modeling and data analysis to gain a better understanding of the major characteristics
of the circulation in the East Frisian Wadden Sea. In particular, we concentrate on the asymmetry of the tidal wave and its
modulation in the coastal area, which results in a complex pattern of responses to the sea-level forcing from the North Sea.
The numerical simulations are based on the 3-D primitive equation General Estuarine Transport Model (GETM) with a horizontal
resolution of 200 m and terrain-following vertical coordinates. The model is forced at its open boundaries with sea-level
data from an operational model for the German Bight (German Hydrographic Office). The validation data for our model simulations
include time series of tidal gauge data and surface currents measured at a pile in the back-barrier basin of the Island Langeoog,
as well as several ADCP transects in the Accumer Ee tidal inlet.
Circulation and turbulence characteristics are investigated for typical situations driven by spring and neap tides, and the
analysis is focused on dominating temporal and spatial patterns. By investigating the response of five back-barrier basins
with rather different morphologies to external forcing, an attempt is made to elucidate the dominating physical balances controlling
the circulation in the individual sub-basins. It is demonstrated that the friction at the seabed tends to slow down the tidal
signal in the shallow water. This leads to the establishment of flood dominance in the shallow sea north of the barrier islands.
South of the islands, where the water volume of the channels at low tide is smaller than the tidal prism, the asymmetry of
the tidal signal is shifted towards ebb dominance, a feature which is particularly pronounced at spring tide.
At the northern open boundary, the tidal wave propagating from west to east generates a sea-level difference of ∼1 m along
the boundary, and thereby triggers vigorous alongshore currents. The frictional control in the model is located in the inlets,
as well as along the northern boundary. The correlation between velocity and turbulent kinetic energy tends to the establishment
of a net southward transport, giving theoretical support to the observed accumulation of sediments on the intertidal flats.
Weak turbulence along the northern shores of the barrier islands and the small magnitude of the residual currents there promote
accumulation of suspended matter in these areas, although wave action will generally counteract this effect.
Received: 29 May 2002 / Accepted: 26 September 2002
Responsible Editor: Jean-Marie Beckers
Acknowledgements We are indebted to S. Dick for providing the data from the operational model of BSH and to B. Flemming for the useful discussions.
The topography data and Fig. 1 have been prepared in cooperation with F. Meyer. Figure 2 has been prepared by G. Brink-Spalink.
We also thank for the comments from an anonymous reviewer which helped to improve our paper. 相似文献
83.
东亚陆缘带构造扩张的深部热力学机制 总被引:6,自引:2,他引:6
近年来,我国地球科学家提出“陆缘构造扩张”观点,较好的解释了亚洲东部大陆边缘于新生代发生扩张离散运动的原因。本文基于“陆缘构造扩张”观点,探讨东亚陆缘带构造扩张的深部热力学机制。东亚陆缘带是具有强烈岩浆活动和构造变形的扩张带,此构造带的主要地球物理特征是频繁的地震活动和明显的地热异常。东亚陆缘扩张带地震层析成像显示,太平洋板块低角度俯冲到欧亚板块之下并平卧于670km相变界面之上。这种图像可能是俯冲后撤导致陆缘扩张的结果。热模拟及地球动力学计算表明:俯冲后撤时间距今约76Ma,海沟带后撤为陆缘壳体的生长留下空间,并形成东亚陆缘壳体增生扩展的前沿带,陆缘扩张量约700km。 相似文献
84.
85.
从激光扫描数据中进行建筑物特征提取研究 总被引:42,自引:4,他引:42
提出了一套基于建筑物几何特征的信息挖掘方案,并具体介绍了研究中采用的一些原理、方法与实用算法,从而可以直接从激光扫描数据中提取建筑物的平面外轮廓信息。利用本方案对车载激光扫描系统获取的城市建筑物试验数据进行了具体的处理,并给出了三维建模和可视化表达结果。 相似文献
86.
面向对象的时空概念建模方法 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
张山山 《武汉大学学报(信息科学版)》2003,28(2):191-196
在面向对象技术的基础上,把地理信息的时空特征与对象模型融合到一起,产生了语义丰富的时空扩展对象模型,以支持包含时空信息的系统需求分析和设计。 相似文献
87.
虚拟加工环境中的工件动态建模方法研究 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
提出并实现了基于平面纹理映射的基元立方体构造方法,以之为动态结点建立了动态八叉树结构,实现了支持变精度动态建模的自相似递归算法。该算法确保离正在加工的部位更近的区域有更高的精度,并采用C^ Builder和OpenGL构造了一个集成于虚拟加工环境的可加工工件模型。 相似文献
88.
J. Escuder Viruete R. Carbonell D. Martí M. J. Jurado A. Prez-Estaún 《Tectonophysics》2003,361(1-2):97-120
The 3-D seismic tomographic data are used together with field, core and well log structural information to determine the detailed 3-D architecture of fault zones in a granitic massif of volume 500×575×168 m at Mina Ratones area in the Albalá Granitic Pluton. To facilitate the integration of the different data, geostatistical simulation algorithms are applied to interpolate the relatively sparse structural (hard) control data conditioned to abundant but indirect 3-D (soft) seismic tomographic data. To effectively integrate geologic and tomographic data, 3-D migration of the velocity model from the time domain into the depth domain was essential. The resulting 3-D model constitutes an image of the fault zone architecture within the granitic massif that honours hard and soft data and provides an evaluation of the spatial variability of structural heterogeneities based on the computation of 3-D experimental variograms of Fracture Index (fault intensity) data. This probabilistic quantitative 3-D model of spatially heterogeneous fault zones is suitable for subsequent fluid flow simulations. The modeled image of the 3-D fault distribution is consistent with the fault architecture in the Mina Ratones area, which basically consists of two families of subvertical structures with NNE–SSW and ENE–WSW trends that displaces the surfaces of low-angle faults (North Fault) and follows their seismically detected staircase geometry. These brittle structures cut two subvertical dykes (27 and 27′ Dykes) with a NNE–SSW to N–S trend. The faults present high FI (FI>12) adjacent bands of irregular geometry in detail that intersect in space delimiting rhombohedral blocks of relatively less fractured granite (FI<6). Both structural domains likely correspond with the protolith and the damaged zone/fault core in the widely accepted model for fault zone architecture. Therefore, the construction of 3-D grids of the FI in granitic areas affected by brittle tectonics permits the quantitative structural characterization of the rock massif. 相似文献
89.
Renaud Caby 《Journal of African Earth Sciences》2003,37(3-4):133
After a review of the rock sequences and evolution of the eastern and central terranes of Hoggar, this paper focusses on the Neoproterozoic subduction-related evolution and collision stages in the central–western part of the Tuareg shield. Rock sequences are described and compared with their counterparts identified in the western and the eastern terranes exposed in Hoggar and northern Mali. The Pharusian terrane that is described in detail, is floored in the east by the Iskel basement, a Mesoproterozoic arc-type terrane cratonized around 840 Ma and in the southeast by Late Paleoproterozoic rock sequences (1.85–1.75 Ga) similar to those from northwestern Hoggar. Unconformable Late Neoproterozoic volcanosedimentary formations that mainly encompass volcanic greywackes were deposited in troughs adjacent to subduction-related andesitic volcanic ridges during the c. 690–650 Ma period. Abundant arc-related pre-collisional calc-alkaline batholiths (650–635 Ma) intruded the volcanic and volcaniclastic units at rather shallow crustal levels prior to collisional processes. The main E–W shortening in the Pharusian arc-type crust occurred through several stages of transpression and produced overall greenschist facies regional metamorphism and upright folding, thus precluding significant crustal thickening. It was accompanied by the shallow emplacement of calc-alkaline batholiths and plutons. Ages of syn-collisional granitoids range from 620 Ma in the western terranes, to 580 Ma in the Pharusian terrane, thus indicating a severe diachronism. After infill of molassic basins unconformable above the Pan-African greenschists, renewed dextral transpression took place in longitudinal domains such as the Adrar fault. The lithology, volcanic and plutonic suites, deep greenschist facies metamorphism, structures and kinematics from the Adrar fault molassic belt previously considered as Neoproterozoic are described in detail. The younger late-kinematic plutons emplaced in the Pharusian terrane at 523 Ma [Lithos 45 (1998) 245] relate to a Cambrian tectonic pulse that post-dates molasse deposition. The new geodynamic scenario presented considers several paleosubductions. The major east-dipping subduction, corresponding to the closure of a large Pan-African oceanic domain in the west (680–620 Ma) post-dates an older west-dipping “Pharusian” subduction (690–650 Ma?) to the east of the eastern Pharusian terrane. Such a diachronism is suggested by the 690 Ma old eclogites of the western part of the LATEA terrane of central Hoggar [J. African Earth Sci. this volume (2003)] that are nearly synchronous with the building up of the Pharusian terrane, thus suggesting that the 4°50′ lithospheric fault represents a reactivated cryptic suture. 相似文献
90.