A MESO-β SCALE SIMULATION OF THE EFFECTS OF BOREAL FOREST ECOSYSTEM ON THE LOWER ATMOSPHERE

Based on the Intensive Field Campaign(IFC-1)data of Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study(BOREAS).a three-dimensional meso-β scale model is used to simulate the effect of boreal forests onthe lower atmosphere.A fine horizontal resolution of 2 km×2 km is used in order to distinguish thevegetative heterogeneity in the boreal region.A total of 20×25 grid points cover the entire sub-modeling area in BOREAS' South Study Area(SSA).The ecosystem types and their coverage ineach grid square are extracted from the North American Land Cover Characteristics Data Base(NALCCD)generated by the U.S.Geographical Survey(USGS)and the University of Nebraska-Lincoln(UNL).The topography of the study area is taken from the Digital Elevation Map(DEM)of USGS.The model outputs include the components of the energy balance budget within the canopyand at the ground.the turbulence parameters in the atmospheric boundary layer and the wind.temperature and humidity profiles extending up to a height of 1500 m.In addition to the fine timeand spatial step,the unique feature of the present model is the incorporation of both dynamic andbiological effects of the Boreal forest into the model parameterization scheme.The model resultscompare favorably with BOREAS' IFC-1 data in 1994 when the forest was in the luxuriant growingperiod.     

全球Ms≥7￣3／4级地震的定向迁移

对全球尺度的６条大地震带内１９００～１９９０年中１８４次Ｍｓ≥７３／４级地震进行了沿地震带方向定向迁移的分析，获得了全球统一的地震定向迁移规律，总体是由西向东，迁移速度由７００ｋｍ／ａ变为１５０ｋｍ／ａ，此现象可以作多种暂态地球动力作用过程的推论，如以大西洋脊间歇式张裂引起上地幔软流物质自西向东运动，呈现纵波式的振荡传播；也可解释为非洲板块、阿拉伯板块和印度板块自西南向东北对欧亚地震带依次的推压引起向东的应变波的传播；太平洋脊两侧洋底板块向西北和东北两侧的斜向推压，可能是造成两侧地震带地震向北迁移的触发源     

下地壳流变与造山带同挤压期地壳伸展的动力学关系

应用不可压缩非牛顿粘性流体的本构关系,对造山带同挤压期下地壳流变及其与上地壳构造伸展的动力学关系进行了二维有限元数值模拟. 结果表明,在板块侧向挤压下,当造山带山根下陷和地表隆起达一定程度后,地壳不同层圈岩石将发生复杂的粘性流变. 流变的运动学方式和分布范围不仅与时间有关、同时还受地壳厚度转变带形态的制约. 在构造挤压和山体荷载达到弹性平衡状态后,地壳流变首先发生在造山带下地壳山根,但经一定的Maxwell时间后,流变将不断局限于造山带前缘的厚度转变带. 这一流变方式的变化是导致造山带浅部地壳动力学转变的主要原因. 它造成造山带内上地壳最小主应力从近水平挤压不断转化为近水平拉张,由此使造山带前陆发生挤压冲断的同时,山体的核部发生上地壳的拉张伸展. 最后,应用这一结果讨论了青藏高原南缘南北向地壳伸展的动力学性质.     

Analysis of the positive ionospheric response to a moderate geomagnetic storm using a global numerical model

Current theories of F-layer storms are discussed using numerical simulations with the Upper Atmosphere Model, a global self-consistent, time dependent numerical model of the thermosphere-ionosphere-plasmasphere-magnetosphere system including electrodynamical coupling effects. A case study of a moderate geomagnetic storm at low solar activity during the northern winter solstice exemplifies the complex storm phenomena. The study focuses on positive ionospheric storm effects in relation to thermospheric disturbances in general and thermospheric composition changes in particular. It investigates the dynamical effects of both neutral meridional winds and electric fields caused by the disturbance dynamo effect. The penetration of short-time electric fields of magnetospheric origin during storm intensification phases is shown for the first time in this model study. Comparisons of the calculated thermospheric composition changes with satellite observations of AE-C and ESRO-4 during storm time show a good agreement. The empirical MSISE90 model, however, is less consistent with the simulations. It does not show the equatorward propagation of the disturbances and predicts that they have a gentler latitudinal gradient. Both theoretical and experimental data reveal that although the ratio of [O]/[N₂] at high latitudes decreases significantly during the magnetic storm compared with the quiet time level, at mid to low latitudes it does not increase (at fixed altitudes) above the quiet reference level. Meanwhile, the ionospheric storm is positive there. We conclude that the positive phase of the ionospheric storm is mainly due to uplifting of ionospheric F2-region plasma at mid latitudes and its equatorward movement at low latitudes along geomagnetic field lines caused by large-scale neutral wind circulation and the passage of travelling atmospheric disturbances (TADs). The calculated zonal electric field disturbances also help to create the positive ionospheric disturbances both at middle and low latitudes. Minor contributions arise from the general density enhancement of all constituents during geomagnetic storms, which favours ion production processes above ion losses at fixed height under day-light conditions.     

Thermal evolution of an extensional detachment as constrained by organic metamorphic data and thermal modeling: Graz Paleozoic Nappe Complex (Eastern Alps)

Following Early Cretaceous nappe stacking, the Eastern Alps were affected by late-orogenic extension during the Late Cretaceous. In the eastern segment of this range, a Late Cretaceous detachment separates a very low- to low-grade metamorphic cover (Graz Paleozoic Nappe Complex, GPNC) above a low- to high-grade metamorphic basement. Synchronously, the Kainach Gosau Basin (KGB) collapsed and subsided on top of the section.Metamorphism of organic material within this section has been investigated using vitrinite reflectance data and Raman spectra of extracted carbonaceous material. In the southern part of the GPNC, vitrinite reflectance indicates a decrease in organic maturity towards the stratigraphic youngest unit. The remaining part of the GPNC is characterized by an aureole of elevated vitrinite reflectance values and Raman R2 ratios that parallels the margins of the GPNC. Vitrinite reflectance in the KGB shows a steep coalification gradient and increases significantly towards the western basin margin. The observed stratigraphic trend in the southern GPNC is a result of deep Paleozoic to Early Cretaceous burial. This maturity pattern was overprinted along the margins by advective heat and convective fluids during Late Cretaceous to Paleogene exhumation of basement rocks.During shearing, the fault zone was heated up to ca. 500 °C. This overprint is explained by a two-dimensional thermal model with a ramp-flat fault geometry and a slip rate of 1 to 1.5 cm/year during 5 Ma fault movement. The collapse basin above the detachment subsided in a thermal regime which was characterized by relaxing isotherms.     

Assimilating data into open ocean tidal models

The problem of deriving tidal fields from observations by reason of incompleteness and imperfectness of every data set practically available has an infinitely large number of allowable solutions fitting the data within measurement errors and hence can be treated as ill-posed. Therefore, interpolating the data always relies on some a priori assumptions concerning the tides, which provide a rule of sampling or, in other words, a regularization of the ill-posed problem. Data assimilation procedures used in large scale tide modeling are viewed in a common mathematical framework as such regularizations. It is shown that they all (basis functions expansion, parameter estimation, nudging, objective analysis, general inversion, and extended general inversion), including those (objective analysis and general inversion) originally formulated in stochastic terms, may be considered as utilizations of one of the three general methods suggested by the theory of ill-posed problems. The problem of grid refinement critical for inverse methods and nudging is discussed.     

矿山三维地质模型及数字化仿真

针对传统的地质建模中数据源的复杂性及工程、地质现象差异等困难,该文提出多元、多方法集成和多层次干预的建模思路,采用三维激光扫描技术构建矿山整体三维模型。依托ArcGIS桌面系统、GoCAD、Flac3D等软件模拟滑坡动态、岩层分布等信息。通过空间分析和数值模拟揭示其潜在信息和规律,有效地实现了数据库、三维模型、数值模拟的一致性,为数字矿山开发、建设提供一条新思路。     

地面数字化测图模拟与仿真平台的三维可视化

介绍地面数字化测图模拟与仿真平台三维建模的基本思想,给出了地面数字化测图模拟与仿真平台三维建模过程和建模中相关问题的解决办法,达到了平台在GIS软件中多方位的动态三维可视化效果。     

海岛礁及周边复杂环境动态三维建模

对海岛礁及周边包括海浪、潮汐、潮流、温度等在内的复杂环境要素及其特点进行了分析。针对海洋复杂要素的特点,提出了适用于海洋高动态的面向可细分对象的时空数据模型,能够有效地对高动态及交互性较强的对象进行建模。以舟山群岛附近海域为例,对海岛礁及周边复杂环境进行了动态三维建模,并在Geoglobe等平台上进行了验证。实验表明,该模型对海岛礁及周边复杂环境建模有较好的实用性。     

线性参照模型在铁路空间数据库中的应用

线性参照模型是以线性参考系统为基础,以动态分段技术为核心的一维空间数据模型。本文针对铁路空间数据的一维线性分布特征与铁路部门以一维线路为主体的运维管理模式,探讨了铁路空间数据的线性建模方法,利用空间数据库技术实现铁路空间数据、属性数据及业务数据的一维线性存储与管理,并提出了基于一套多尺度线性参照模型的铁路空间数据库的设计方案。试验表明,该方案能够为全路提供一套统一的一维管理基准,在动态数据管理、数据更新和共享等方面具有较大优势。