东昆仑夏日哈木铜镍矿床Ⅱ号岩体年代学、地球化学及其意义

夏日哈木超大型镍矿床位于东昆仑造山带昆中岛弧带内,其Ⅱ号岩体主要由辉长岩和少量辉石岩组成,局部可见孔雀石、镍华、褐铁矿、磁黄铁矿、镍黄铁矿、黄铜矿等矿化。岩石主量元素化学特征具低硅(w(Si O2)=48.12%~50.18%)、低钛(w(Ti O2)=0.47%~0.73%)、高镁(w(Mg O)=13.15%~19.59%)的特征,属亚碱性系列岩石,m/f值为3.14~3.88,属铁质超基性岩类。岩石稀土、微量元素标准化配分模式具一致性,表现为轻稀土元素弱富集的右倾型,并具有富集大离子亲石元素,亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、Ti的特征。辉长岩的锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年代学研究表明,岩体形成年龄为(424.1±4.6)Ma,属志留纪。笔者对夏日哈木Ⅰ号、Ⅱ号岩体的主要地质特征作了对比,认为二者同源,结合区域构造及Ⅰ号岩体形成的构造背景,认为Ⅱ号岩体形成于岛弧环境。     

林子宗群火山岩与成矿关系:以斯弄多浅成低温热液型矿床为例

林子宗群火山岩是青藏高原规模最大的火山岩带,但对该火山岩与成矿关系的研究较少。文章以斯弄多低硫化浅成低温热液型银铅锌矿床为例,对矿区主要的赋矿火山岩开展了精确的LA-ICP-MS定年和全岩地球化学分析,获得矿区火山岩锆石U-Pb年龄在62~65 Ma之间,这些岩石属于高钾钙碱性-钾玄岩和过铝质岩石系列,相对富集轻稀土元素(∑LREE/∑HREE=3.39~13.21)和大离子亲石元素(LILE,如Rb、K、Sr);亏损重稀土元素(LaN/YbN=3.02~16.47)和高场强元素(HFSE:Nb、Ta、Ti、P),显示出弧火山特征。结合其他研究数据及区域上典型矿床成岩成矿时代特征,作者指出斯弄多低硫化浅成低温热液型矿床的形成与林子宗群火山作用(62~65 Ma)密切相关,是火山作用驱动地热体系的产物,成岩成矿发生在印度-亚洲大陆初始碰撞期的陆缘火山弧背景下。     

赣南茅坪钨矿床黄玉单晶流体包裹体研究

文章以赣南茅坪大型钨矿床成矿早阶段形成的黄玉单晶为研究对象,对其中的流体包裹体开展了岩相学、显微测温以及激光拉曼光谱研究。结果显示,茅坪钨矿床黄玉单晶中的流体包裹体以富液两相包裹体为主,同时发育有单相包裹体、富二氧化碳的三相包裹体以及含子矿物包裹体。其中,含子矿物包裹体发育是本矿床黄玉中包裹体的重要特征,子矿物成分有方解石、石英、石盐等;流体包裹体的均一温度介于200~509℃之间,峰值位于420~500℃之间,盐度w(NaCl_(eq))为4.32%~19.22%,峰值介于17%~19%,较前人获得的石英脉型钨矿床成矿温度和盐度均高出许多,其峰值(420~500℃)在一定程度上衔接了石英脉型黑钨矿高温阶段的演化历史;黄玉单晶中包裹体还具有富含CO_2、CH_4、N_2等挥发分的特征。综上所述,笔者认为石英脉型钨矿的成矿流体在早阶段具有高温、中高盐度、富挥发分、富含多种离子的特征。     

西藏拉抗俄斑岩铜钼矿床流体包裹体研究

西藏冈底斯成矿带拉抗俄斑岩铜钼矿床位于西藏特提斯构造域拉萨地块东段中南部,是近年来青藏高原地质大调查项目评价的重点矿床之一。文章在钻孔地质编录的基础上,依据矿物组合、脉体穿切关系的不同,划分了3个成矿阶段:早阶段、中阶段以及晚阶段,成矿中阶段为主成矿阶段。根据包裹体室温下的相态充填度特征以及是否含有子矿物,可将其分为3大类:液相包裹体(Ⅰ)、气相包裹体(Ⅱ)和含子晶多相包裹体(Ⅲ)。成矿早阶段流体包裹体主要为Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ类包裹体,均一温度集中在260~400℃之间,w(Na Cleq)为2.1%~39.4%;成矿中阶段的流体包裹体主要为Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ类包裹体,具有典型的沸腾包裹体组合,均一温度集中在280~360℃,w(Na Cleq)为2.2%~37.1%;成矿晚阶段流体包裹体主要为Ⅰ类包裹体,均一温度集中在220~280℃,w(Na Cleq)为3.6%~5.6%,显示包裹体均一温度及盐度呈递减趋势。成矿流体是中高温、中高盐度,且富含成矿元素的Na Cl-H_2O体系流体。矿床形成的压力为(100±10)MPa,形成深度为(3.7±0.4)km。激光拉曼探针分析结果表明,流体包裹体液相成分主要为H_2O,气相成分含有CO_2;子矿物有黄铜矿、磁铁矿、赤铁矿、石膏、黄铁矿、金红石、长石等。成矿早阶段,岩浆房发生流体出溶;成矿中阶段,岩浆流体发生减压沸腾和不混溶作用。综上所述,温度降低、压力减小、pH值的增加以及氧化还原电位的变化是造成拉抗俄矿床成矿元素沉淀的主要因素。     

Recognition of geochemical footprints of mineral systems in the regolith at regional to continental scales

Understanding the character of Australia's extensive regolith cover is crucial to the continuing success of mineral exploration. We hypothesise that the regolith contains geochemical fingerprints of processes related to the development and preservation of mineral systems at a range of scales. We test this hypothesis by analysing the composition of surface sediments within greenfield regional-scale (southern Thomson Orogen) and continental-scale (Australia) study areas. In the southern Thomson Orogen area, the first principal component (PC1) derived in our study [Ca, Sr, Cu, Mg, Au and Mo at one end; rare earth elements (REEs) and Th at the other] is very similar to the empirical vector used by a local company (enrichment in Sr, Ca and Au concomitant with depletion in REEs) to successfully site exploration drill holes for Cu–Au mineralisation. Mapping of the spatial distribution of PC1 in the region reveals several areas of elevated values and possible mineralisation potential. One of the strongest targets in the PC1 map is located between Brewarrina and Bourke in northern New South Wales. Here, exploration drilling has intersected porphyry Cu–Au mineralisation with up to 1 wt% Cu, 0.1 g/t Au, and 717 ppm Zn. The analysis of a comparable geochemical dataset at the continental scale yields a compositionally similar PC1 (Ca, Sr, Mg, Cu, Au and Mo at one end; REEs and Th at the other) to that of the regional study. Mapping PC1 at the continental scale shows patterns that (1) are spatially compatible with the regional study and (2) reveal several geological regions of elevated values, possibly suggesting an enhanced potential for porphyry Cu–Au mineralisation. These include well-endowed mineral provinces such as the Curnamona and Capricorn regions, but also some greenfield regions such as the Albany-Fraser/western Eucla, western Murray and Eromanga geological regions. We conclude that the geochemical composition of Australia's regolith may hold critical information pertaining to mineralisation within/beneath it.     

Geology and geochemistry of fault-hosted hydrothermal and sedimentary manganese deposits in the Oakover Basin,east Pilbara,Western Australia

Manganese mineralisation in the Oakover Basin is associated with Mesoproterozoic extension, basin formation and deposition of the Manganese Group. The underlying basement architecture of the Oakover Basin (a local half-graben geometry), inherited from the Neoarchean rifting event, plays an important role on the distribution, style and timing of manganese deposits. Fault-hosted manganese deposits are dominant along the ‘active’ faulted eastern margin, whereas flat-lying sedimentary deposits are dominant along the western ‘passive’ margin reflecting differences in ore-forming processes. The large number of significant manganese deposits in the Oakover Basin, previously thought to reflect a spatial association with Carawine Dolomite, more likely reflects the restricted nature of the Mesoproterozoic basin and development of a large reservoir of Mn²⁺ and Fe²⁺ in an anoxic zone of a stratified basin. Low O₂ conditions in the basin were caused by a paleotopographic high forming a barrier to open ocean circulation. The western margin sedimentary deposits formed later than the fault-hosted hydrothermal deposits along the eastern margin, once a significant reservoir of Mn²⁺ and Fe²⁺ had developed, and when there was sufficient subsidence to allow migration of the redox front onto the shallow shelf, with Mn precipitation on and within the seafloor sediments. The sedimentary manganese deposits are not uniformly distributed along the western edge of the basin; instead they are concentrated into discrete areas (e.g. Mt Cooke–Utah–Mt Rove, Bee Hill, Skull Springs and the Ripon Hills districts), suggesting a degree of structural control on their distribution. Fault-hosted manganese is observed beneath and adjacent to many of the sedimentary deposits. Marked geochemical differences are observed between the Woodie Woodie hydrothermal deposits and the sedimentary deposits. Woodie Woodie deposits display higher Ba, U, Mo, As, Sn, Bi, Pb, S and Cu than the sedimentary deposits, reflecting the composition of the hydrothermal fluids. The Al₂O₃ values of the Ripon Hills and Mt Cooke deposits are much higher than the Woodie Woodie deposits, reflecting the composition of the dominant host rock, as Al₂O₃ is typically <5 wt% in the Carawine Dolomite, but is >10 wt% in basal shale units of the Manganese Group. Highly variable Mn:Fe ratios (?5:1) in the hydrothermal manganese at Woodie Woodie reflects rapid deposition of Mn in and around fault zones. In contrast, slower accumulation of Mn oxides on and within the seafloor to form the large sedimentary deposits results in Mn:Fe ratios closer to 1:1 and elevated Co + Ni and REE values.     

元坝长兴组超深层生物礁大气田优质储层发育机理

通过系统开展元坝气田长兴组超深层生物礁储层岩石学与岩石地球化学分析,结合碳酸盐岩溶蚀动力学模拟实验,以及储层古压力恢复,揭示了元坝超深层生物礁优质储层的发育保存机理。研究表明,早期暴露溶蚀、浅埋藏白云岩化是基质孔隙发育的基础,储层深埋引起的古油藏原油裂解导致的超压水力破裂缝的形成,是储层渗透性改善的关键,"孔-缝耦合"共同控制了超深层优质储层的发育。在此基础上,构建了生物礁非均质"孔-缝双元结构"储层模型,为生物礁储层预测奠定了理论基础。     

新疆萨尔托海糜棱岩化石英菱镁岩元素地球化学特征及其对金成矿作用的贡献

新疆萨尔托海石英菱镁岩产在达拉布特蛇绿混杂岩带中,是蛇纹岩在剪切带深部发生热液交代作用的产物。蛇纹岩先转变为滑石片岩,再进一步转变为石英菱镁岩。石英菱镁岩局部发生剪切变形,形成糜棱岩化石英菱镁岩。与蛇纹岩相比,石英菱镁岩的MgO和SiO_2含量降低,Al_2O_3和CaO含量升高;而糜棱岩化石英菱镁岩的MgO含量较石英菱镁岩降低,Al_2O_3和SiO_2含量较石英菱镁岩升高。微量元素地球化学对比研究表明石英菱镁岩继承了蛇纹岩的微量元素特征;而糜棱岩化石英菱镁岩的微量元素含量较蛇纹岩发生了显著变化,稀土元素、高场强元素和自然金的含量明显升高,指示这些元素在剪切变形过程中发生迁移富集。剪切变形伴随强烈的流体/岩石反应,并导致剪切带流体组成和物理化学性质发生改变,从而影响矿物结晶或分解,并控制微量元素的带入迁出。蛇纹岩转变为石英菱镁岩的过程释放Au,可为糜棱岩化石英菱镁岩中的金矿化提供成矿元素。     

2002~2005年长白山火山气体的释放特征与地球化学异常研究——多源高光谱遥感证据

长白山火山区是我国具有潜在喷发危险的活火山,在2002~2005年火山活动性增强出现了岩浆房扰动。利用卫星遥感技术具有观测范围大、观测时间长且连续的优势。因此,本文利用对流层污染探测仪（MOPITT）和大气红外探测仪（AIRS）高光谱遥感数据提取了2002~2005年长白山天池火山区CO总量、O₃总量、水汽总量和地表温度异常信息,讨论了高光谱遥感气体地球化学异常信息与火山活动性之间的关系,并对2002~2005年长白山天池火山区火山活动性进行了研究。结果表明,高光谱遥感数据观测到的气体地球化学（CO、O₃、水汽）异常与地震、形变监测结果以及地面流体（CO₂、He、H₂）观测结果相一致,表明MOPITT和AIRS高光谱遥感卫星观测到的气体异常变化较好地反映了2002~2005年大规模的深部岩浆局部扰动。在2002~2005年火山活动期间,CO总量、O₃总量、水汽总量和地表温度均出现了显著异常且异常出现时段相应准偏差显著增大,反映了气体逸出量在时间上具有不均一性,可能与火山、地震活动过程中地应力的作用和变化有关。从气体异常持续的时间以及地面观测结果综合分析,2002~2005年岩浆房扰动并没有产生长时间的地幔物质流的上升和迁移。在火山活动性增强的时间段内,地表温度出现异常低值,这可能与太平洋板块俯冲过程中引起的断裂拉张增强有关。此外,火山活动过程中逸出的气体进入大气圈产生大气化学反应也会导致高光谱遥感所观测到的气体地球化学异常。研究结果为2002~2005年长白山火山活动性的研究提供了来自高光谱遥感数据的气体地球化学新证据,也对高光谱分辨率遥感数据在火山活动规律的研究以及火山监测中的应用具有一定意义。     

Sedimentary Conditions of Evaporites in the Late Jurassic Xiali Formation, Qiangtang Basin: Evidence from Geochemistry Records

The Qiangtang Basin (QB), located in the central Tibetan Plateau, is a Jurassic marine basin and one of the most important prospective salt resource belts in China. In recent decades, many outcrops of gypsiferous?bed have been found in the Jurassic marine strata in the basin. Salt springs with abnormally high sodium (Na+) contents had been identified in the Late Jurassic Xiali Formation (Fm.) in the basin in the last years. However, to date, no potash or halite deposits have been identified in the QB. Gypsum outcrops and salt springs are very important?signs in the investigation of halite and potash deposits. Therefore, the Xiali Fm. is?a potentially valuable layer to evaluate for the possible presence of halite and potash deposits in the basin. However,?few studies?have explored the formation?conditions of evaporites in the unit. Here, we present detailed geochemical records from the Yanshiping section related to the study of the formation?conditions of evaporites in the Xiali Fm. of the QB. Climate proxies based on the obviously increased anion concentrations of SO42? and Cl? and the significant correlation?coefficients of Ca2+-SO42? (R = 0.985) and Na+-Cl? (R = 0.8974) reveal that the upper member of the Xiali Fm. (the upper Xiali Fm.) formed under an arid climate and evolved into the sulfate phase or early chloride phase. Provenance proxies based on the obviously increased K+ and Na+ ion concentrations and the significant correlation?coefficient of Na+-Cl? (R = 0.8974) suggest that the upper Xiali Fm. featured optimal provenance conditions for the possible formation of halite deposits. The regression and the semi-closed tidal?flat environment in the upper Xiali Fm. were favorable for the formation of potash and halite deposits. The low Mg2+ /Ca2+ values (mean value = 1.82) and significant Na+-Cl? correlation?coefficient (R = 0.8974) also suggest that the upper Xiali Fm. is the layer most likely to contain potential halite deposits. In addition, the macroscopic correlations of tectonism, provenance, paleoclimate, saliferous strata and sedimentary?environment between the QB and the adjoining Amu Darya Basin in Central Asia reveal that the two basins shared similar geologic settings that were favorable for the formation of evaporites during the Late Jurassic. Therefore, the upper Xiali Fm. is a valuable layer to explore for halite deposit and may be potentially valuable in the future exploration for potash deposits in the QB.