Abiotic Stream Classification as a Basis for a Surveillance Monitoring Network in Austria in Accordance with the EU Water Framework Directive

This study presents the 26 major surface water types established in Austria in accordance with the draft of the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD). These types are made up of so‐called aquatic landscape units and large rivers. The 17 aquatic landscape units were defined using a database in which all Austrian running waters with a catchment area greater than 10 km^[2] were described according to the following typological features: size of catchment area, altitude of catchment area and confluences, stream order, geology, zoogeographical regions (ecoregions), and subregions. At running waters with gauges, a classification according to flow regimes was carried out. Large rivers were defined as running waters with a stream order ⩾7 and/or a catchment area > 2500 km² and/or with an average flow >50 m³/s. These major types represent, inter alia, the basis for the establishment of a surveillance monitoring network as required by the WFD.     

Association of Humic Substances: Verification of Lambert‐Beer Law

The precision UV/Vis‐absorption spectra of a naturally occurring aquatic humic substance were measured in the range of concentration 0.003 to 1.4 g/L DOC (dissolved organic carbon). Lambert‐Beer law is well obeyed at low concentrations whereas deviations have been observed for DOC concentrations above 0.1 g/L: they are interpreted in terms of self‐solvation and formation of micelles.     

The Interface Configuration of the Fresh‐/Dead Sea Water – Theory and Measurements

The high‐density Dead Sea water (1.235 g/cm³) forms a special interface configuration with the fresh groundwater resources of its surrounding aquifers. The fresh groundwater column beneath its surroundings is around one tenth of its length compared to oceanic water. This fact alone indicates the vulnerability of the fresh groundwater resources to the impacts of changes in the Dead Sea level and to saltwater migration. Ghyben‐Herzberg and Glover equations were used to calculate the volumes of water in coastal aquifers which were replaced by freshwater due to the interface seaward migration as a result of the drop in the level of the Dead Sea. For that purpose, the dynamic equation of Glover approach has been integrated to accommodate that type of interface readjustment. The calculated amounts of freshwater which substituted salt Dead Sea water due to the migration of interface are 3.21 · 10¹¹ m³, from a Dead Sea level of –392 m to τ411 m below sea level. The average porosity of coastal aquifers was calculated to range from 2.8 to 2.94%. Geoelectric sounding measurements showed that areas underlying the coastal aquifers formerly occupied by the Dead Sea water are gradually becoming flushed and occupied by freshwater. The latter is becoming salinized due to the residuals of Dead Sea water in the aquifer matrix, the present salinity of which is lower than that of the Dead Sea water. At the same time salt dissolution from the Lisan Marl formation is causing collapses along the shorelines in the form of sinkholes, tens of meters in diameter and depth.     

Effect of Preozonation on the Formation of Chlorinated Disinfection By‐products for River Ruhr

The purpose of the study is to gain a better understanding about the formation of THM (trihalomethanes), HAA (haloacetic acids), and AOX (adsorbable organic halogen) in river water (river Ruhr, Essen) through a chlorination kinetics approach. The effect of chlorination time and preozonation on the formation of THM, HAA, and AOX substances was studied. Preozonation can reduce the chlorine demand and the precursors for AOX and THM. THM generation was reduced further, when the ozone dosage consumed increased from 3.5 to 12.5 mg in the 1.4 L reaction vessel. AOX and TCAA (trichloroacetic acid) concentrations also decreased dramatically when 3.5 mg of ozone had reacted with the river water, but a higher dose of ozone did not further reduce AOX and TCAA formations. Besides, the characteristics of organic matter in raw water, ozonated water, and preozonated/chlorinated water was investigated. The results suggest the formation of low‐molecular‐weight acids with low UV absorbance when high‐molecular refractive matter is oxidized.     

Abschätzung der Eignung einer molekularbiologischen Methode zur Charakterisierung der Grundwasserbiozönose

Assessing the Suitability of a Molecularbiological Method To Characterise the Microbial Populations in Groundwater A molecularbiological technique was used to characterise the bacterial community structure of groundwater habitats. This method consists of the isolation of bacterial DNA from the samples, amplification of 16S rDNA by PCR (polymerase chain reaction), and separation of the amplified DNA by DGGE (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis). By using more specific primer combinations in the PCR instead of universal eubacterial primers, also groups of microorganisms (Proteobacteria, sulfate reducer, Archaea) were determined. The resulting DGGE patterns that reflect the microbial diversity are compared and differences or similarities evaluated. In the present studies, groundwater from different sites (bank filtrate, artificially recharged groundwater, and natural groundwater) and with changing redox milieus (aerobic, anaerobic) were investigated as well as the solid aquifer material. Besides, samples were taken from the different stages of artificial groundwater recharge, i.e., from surface water to the drain tile. Samples from groundwater derived from sites with different hydrogeochemical or hydrological conditions like bank filtrate and recharged groundwater revealed great differences in DGGE patterns indicating a characteristic species composition in these habitats, while samples taken at different times from the same groundwater showed only small seasonal variations. Clearly different patterns were also found for groundwater and the adjacent solid material as well as for anaerobic and aerobic groundwaters. Looking at artificial groundwater recharge, almost identical patterns were found in raw water and samples from gravel and sand filtration. DGGE patterns from the resulting groundwater indicated a total change in community structure during underground passage. By using group specific primers, Desulfovibrionaceae, Desulfobacteriaceae, and Archaea could be detected in anaerobic groundwaters.The molecularbiological approach described here gives an increasingly comprehensive and more precise picture of the microbial population of different environments. It is especially suitable to compare the community structure from different habitats or to analyse changes for example due to environmental stress at the same site.     

不同中药对青光眼小鼠视网膜TRPV4及TRAAK蛋白影响的比较研究

目的：比较不同中药对DBA/2小鼠视网膜TRPV4及TRAAK蛋白的影响。方法：将C57小鼠设为空白组,50只DBA/2小鼠随机分为10组,分别为：模型组,香附组、郁金组、柴胡组（疏肝解郁类）,女贞子组、枸杞子组、牛膝组（补益肝肾类）,川芎组、三七组、丹参组（活血行气类）,每组各5只。喂养至7月龄后,分别予以0.9%氯化钠注射液、香附、郁金、柴胡、女贞子、枸杞子、牛膝、川芎、三七、丹参超微配方颗粒溶液灌胃28 d,采用免疫组化法、免疫荧光法、Western Blot检测视网膜上TRAAK、TRPV4蛋白表达情况。结果：与空白组相比,其余各组小鼠视网膜组织中TRAAK及TRPV4蛋白表达均升高,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05或P<0.01）。与模型组相比,其余各药物组视网膜组织中TRAAK及TRPV4蛋白表达均降低,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05或P<0.01）。各类中药组组内比较：①疏肝解郁类：与郁金组相比,香附组和柴胡组视网膜组织中TRAAK及TRPV4蛋白表达升高,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;②补益肝肾类：各组视网膜组织中TRAAK及TRPV4蛋白表达差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;③活血行气类：与川芎组相比,黄芪组和丹参组视网膜组织中TRAAK及TRPV4蛋白表达升高,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论：九味不同疗效中药均能通过降低视网膜TRAAK及TRPV4蛋白表达量发挥视神经保护作用。其中在柴胡、郁金、香附三味疏肝解郁中药中,以郁金作用最佳;在川芎、三七、丹参三味活血行气中药中,以川芎作用最佳。     

南极苔原沼泽温室气体通量变化特征及其对气候变化的响应

以南极阿德雷岛苔原沼泽为研究区域,2016年12月至2017年1月南极夏季期间观测研究了温室气体CH_4、CO_2和N_2O通量的变化规律及其对环境因子的响应关系。结果表明:光照条件下干旱苔原沼泽表现为CH_4吸收,通量为(–5.4±4.3)μg CH_4·m~(–2)·h~(–1),半干旱苔原与淹水苔原沼泽表现为净排放;三个类型苔原沼泽观测点均表现为N_2O净吸收,最高吸收通量出现在淹水苔原,为(–2.6±2.4)μg N_2O·m~(–2)·h~(–1);黑暗条件下苔原沼泽一致表现为CH_4和N_2O净排放。光照与土壤水分减少增加了苔原CH_4有氧氧化吸收,同时促进了反硝化作用对N_2O的还原转化。观测期间所有观测点均表现为CO_2的汇,最高CO_2净交换量与光合作用强度都出现在淹水苔原区,分别为(–40.1±17.6)μg CO_2·m~(–2)·h~(–1)和(91.2±26.5) mg CO_2·m~(–2)·h~(–1);而最高苔原沼泽呼吸速率出现在干旱苔原观测点,为(73.1±17.6)μg CO_2·m~(–2)·h~(–1)。夏季适宜的温度、降水条件促进了苔原植被的光合作用,增加了苔原沼泽CO_2吸收量。CO_2、N_2O、CH_4通量随时间变化的相互关系规律不显著(P0.05),但在降水与温度波动下,N_2O与CH_4通量都随CO_2通量呈现相似的波动。三种温室气体与各种环境因子之间的响应关系值得进一步研究;不同光照条件对CH_4、N_2O排放量的估算有重要影响。     

基于深度学习的高分四号卫星图像超分辨率重建

针对高分四号卫星图像中波红外谱段空间分辨率远低于相应的可见光近红外谱段,提出一种基于深度学习的高分四号卫星图像中波红外谱段超分辨率重建方法。首先,设计卷积回归网络进行初步重建,利用8倍下采样的可见光近红外谱段和原始中波红外谱段训练回归网络。然后,设计卷积重建网络进行进一步重建,利用低分辨率初步重建结果和原始中波红外谱段训练重建网络。最后,将原始可见光近红外谱段依次输入到训练好的回归网络和重建网络,得到最终的中波红外谱段超分辨率重建结果。以湖北和江西部分地区真实数据进行试验,结果表明该方法能有效提高中波红外谱段空间分辨率,与其他方法对比均方根误差至少下降了7.54,且目视效果更清晰自然,有利于扩展高分四号卫星的应用范围。     

Study of 4H-SiC junction barrier Schottky diode using field guard ring termination

This paper reports that the 4H-SiC Schottky barrier diode, PiN diode and junction barrier Schottky diode terminated by field guard rings are designed, fabricated and characterised. The measurements for forward and reverse characteristics have been done, and by comparison with each other, it shows that junction barrier Schottky diode has a lower reverse current density than that of the Schottky barrier diode and a higher forward drop than that of the PiN diode. High-temperature annealing is presented in this paper as well to figure out an optimised processing. The barrier height of 0.79 eV is formed with Ti in this work, the forward drop for the Schottky diode is 2.1 V, with an ideality factor of 3.2, and junction barrier Schottky diode with blocking voltage higher than 400 V was achieved by using field guard ring termination.     

春、秋季北黄海生源要素的平面分布特征

根据春季和秋季对北黄海2个航次的调查数据,分析了北黄海春秋两季节生源要素的平面分布特征,并简要讨论了其成因.结果表明:(1) 春季北黄海DIN,PO4-P,SiO3-Si的平均浓度分别为(3.46±2.66),(0.18±0.17)和(3.29±3.06)μmol·dm-3,含量较低;到秋季则分别升高至(6.45±3.64),(0.40±0.24)和(7.64±3.84)μmol·dm-3;DO则表现出了相反的变化,秋季较低,春季为秋季的1.42倍.(2) 春季DIN,PO4-P,SiO3-Si在各个层次的分布趋势较为类似,表层和10 m层表现为北黄海中部低,近岸较高,30 m层以下则在冷水团盘踞区及海域东部有高值.DO表层和10 m层变化趋势不显著,但在30 m以下表现出与营养盐相反的分布规律.秋季,DIN,PO4-P,SiO3-Si在各个层次分别具有相同的分布趋势,表层和10 m层表现为北黄海中部低,近岸较高,30 m层以下则在冷水团盘踞区含量较高.而DO由表到底都表现出与营养盐相反的趋势.