2017年“海棠”台风影响辽宁不同区域极端暴雨成因分析

利用常规观测、NCEP FNL、葵花8号卫星、GNSS反演大气可降水量、智能网格实况产品等资料,分析2017年“海棠”台风造成辽宁西部朝阳地区和东南部岫岩县的极端暴雨成因。结果表明：辽宁西部和东南半岛均出现区域性的极端特大暴雨,岫岩县小时雨强更大,最大雨强达到113 mm·h^-1,对流性降水特征明显。两个区域暴雨过程均受到热带、副热带、西风带系统共同作用,狭长型“海棠”台风沿着副热带高压西侧逐渐北上,并且与西风带短波槽相互作用,导致辽宁西部出现强降水,随后加强的涡旋系统后侧干冷空气与低空暖湿水汽输送带相互作用,导致岫岩县出现极端暴雨过程。热带台风“奥鹿”对副热带高压南落东退起到阻挡作用。两个区域均具有来自于南海的水汽通道,另外东南半岛也受到了“奥鹿”台风北侧水汽输送的影响。朝阳市和岫岩县大气可降水量值长时间接近65 mm和70 mm,异常指数最高达到3.0和2.5,表明此次暴雨水汽条件的极端性。辽宁西部降水期间动力不稳定更强,辐合层由地面伸展到500 hPa,而东南半岛降水期间上干下湿的水汽分布以及更强的冷暖空气交汇,有利于产生对流性降水。两个区域均受到多个中尺度云团的共同影响,朝阳地区初期降水由中γ尺度辐合线触发,后期台风在北上过程中与高空槽后部的干冷空气相互作用,形成的暖锋云系以及冷锋云系导致朝阳地区出现持续性强降水;加强的涡旋后部干空气侵入到暖湿水汽输送带中,配合岫岩县山区地面辐合线稳定不动,不断有积云触发并且直接影响岫岩县,导致岫岩县产生极端对流性暴雨。     

世界各国静止气象卫星发展综述

首先阐述了美国、欧洲气象卫星组织(EUMETSAT)、日本静止气象卫星的发展历史,从自旋稳定到三轴稳定,从单一载荷到多载荷并行工作,新一代的静止气象卫星的时间、空间和光谱分辨率都大幅提高,然后重点介绍了我国静止气象卫星风云二号和风云四号,相比于自旋稳定的风云二号气象卫星,风云四号卫星的功能和性能实现了跨越式的发展,接着简单介绍了俄罗斯、印度和韩国等其他国家静止气象卫星的发展状况,最后总结了不同时期各国静止气象卫星的发展特点,这对我国后续静止气象卫星的规划和研制有重要参考意义。     

Month-Long Simulations of Gravity Waves over North America and North Atlantic in Comparison with Satellite Observations

Mesoscale simulations of gravity waves in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere over North America and North Atlantic Ocean in January 2003 are compared with satellite radiance measurements from the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A (AMSU-A). Four regions of strong gravity wave (GW) activities are found in the model simulations and the AMSU-A observations: the northwestern Atlantic, the U.S. Rockies, the Appalachians, and Greenland. GWs over the northwestern Atlantic Ocean are associated with the midlatitude baroclinic jet-front system, while the other three regions are apparently related to high topography. Model simulations are further used to analyze momentum fluxes in the zonal and meridional directions. It is found that strong westward momentum fluxes are prevalent over these regions over the whole period. Despite qualitative agreement between model simulations and satellite measurements, sensitivity experiments demonstrate that the simulated GWs are sensitive to the model spin-up time.     

引发广西两次严重山洪地质灾害的暴雨过程分析

利用常规观测、卫星云图、雷达探测以及自动站雨量等资料,对2010年6月27—28日和2012年5月20—22日桂西北两次严重山洪地质灾害的气象条件进行了对比分析,结果表明：(1) 强降雨发生在桂西北暴雨区,最大过程雨量＞350 mm,过程最大中尺度雨团和致灾区最大中尺度雨团值分别＞100 mm·h-1和＞70 mm·h-1,集中降雨时段为02—06时。灾害开始于后半夜,发生在最大过程雨量和地质条件脆弱区,不同的地质状况对应不同的灾害;灾害性天气具有区域小、降雨时段集中、过程雨量大、强度强及引发灾害重等特征。(2) 暴雨发生在欧亚地区500 hPa呈两脊一槽型、200 hPa南亚高压脊线贯穿广西上空及季风云系活跃的背景下。高空为槽或低涡、地面为干线或锋面,属低涡暴雨型。(3) 高空要素变化为雨前降压升温、后降温。不稳定能量及层结、低层辐合、中低层涡旋、整层大气的上升运动、高温高湿及水汽强烈辐合是物理量特征。(4) 云图上对流云团生成、合并对强降雨有指示意义,暴雨发生在云团合并发展阶段;TBB值＜200 K可以作为强降雨的指标。低质心强雷达回波产生的列车效应或回波停滞和地形作用是造成强降雨的重要因素,低层辐合、高层辐散导致了强烈的上升运动,有利于强对流的发展与维持。     

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGH WIND DISTRIBUTION IN CHINA'S COASTAL REGION AND THEIR CAUSES

This work investigates the distribution of high winds above Beaufort scale 6 in the offshore zones of China using high-resolution satellite measurements.A numerical experiment is carried out in order to find out the effects of Taiwan Island on the formation of strong winds.The analysis indicates that the distribution of high wind occurrence is similar to that of the average wind velocity in winter.High winds tend to be anchored in special topographical regions,such as the Taiwan Strait,the Bashi Channel and the southeast coast of Vietnam.High winds occur much more frequently over the warmer than the colder flank of Kuroshio front as it meanders from Taiwan to Japan.The frequency of high winds decreases drastically in spring.The Taiwan Strait maintains the largest high wind occurrence.Besides,high winds remain frequent in the Bashi Channel,the southeast tip of Taiwan Island and the warmer flank of Kuroshio front.In summer,high winds generally occur infrequently except over a broad region off the southeast coast of Vietnam near 10°N and the frequency there decreases from southwest to northeast.High winds around Taiwan Island present near axisymmetric distribution with larger frequency along southeast-northwest direction and smaller frequency along southwest-northeast direction.The dominant direction of high winds exhibits a counterclockwise circulation surrounding the island.The frequency of high winds increases rapidly in autumn and almost repeats the distribution that appears in winter.The simulation results suggest that the effects of Taiwan Island topography on high winds vary with seasons.In winter,topography is the major cause of high winds in the surrounding oceanic zones.High winds in both Taiwan Strait and the southeast corner of the island disappear and the frequency decreases gradually from south to north when the terrain is removed.However,in summer,high wind frequency derived from two simulations with and without terrain is almost identical.We attribute this phenomenon to the factors which are responsible for the formation of high winds.     

Numerical continuation of families of frozen orbits in the zonal problem of artificial satellite theory

In the zonal problem of a satellite around the Earth, we continue numerically natural families of periodic orbits with the polar component of the angular momentum as the parameter. We found three families; two of them are made of orbits with linear stability while the third one is made of unstable orbits. Except in a neighborhood of the critical inclination, the stable periodic (or frozen) orbits have very small eccentricities even for large inclinations.     

Speckle imaging of Titan at 2 microns: surface albedo, haze optical depth, and tropospheric clouds 1996-1998

We present results from 14 nights of observations of Titan in 1996-1998 using near-infrared (centered at 2.1 microns) speckle imaging at the 10-meter W.M. Keck Telescope. The observations have a spatial resolution of 0.06 arcseconds. We detect bright clouds on three days in October 1998, with a brightness about 0.5% of the brightness of Titan. Using a 16-stream radiative transfer model (DISORT) to model the central equatorial longitude of each image, we construct a suite of surface albedo models parameterized by the optical depth of Titan's hydrocarbon haze layer. From this we conclude that Titan's equatorial surface albedo has plausible values in the range of 0-0.20. Titan's minimum haze optical depth cannot be constrained from this modeling, but an upper limit of 0.3 at this wavelength range is found. More accurate determination of Titan's surface albedo and haze optical depth, especially at higher latitudes, will require a model that fully considers the 3-dimensional nature of Titan's atmosphere.     

《大气一号》气球卫星轨道倾角变化分析

引起《大气一号》两颗气球卫星（ＤＱ－１Ａ和ＤＱ－１Ｂ）轨道倾角变化的摄动因素主要是太阳光压摄动、大气旋转和日月引力摄动。太阳光压摄动引起气球卫星轨道倾角增大，平均每天变化约０．００１７，大气旋转引起轨道倾角减小，平均每天变化不到０．０００１，但随着高度下降，变化量亦增大，陨落前达０．００２。本文根据卫星轨道摄动理论，给出气球卫星轨道倾角变化的一种定量分析方法，得到的分析结果为：（１）由太阳光压摄动     

The Zamama-Thor region of Io: Insights from a synthesis of mapping, topography, and Galileo spacecraft data

We have studied data from the Galileo spacecraft's three remote sensing instruments (Solid-State Imager (SSI), Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS), and Photopolarimeter-Radiometer (PPR)) covering the Zamama-Thor region of Io's antijovian hemisphere, and produced a geomorphological map of this region. This is the third of three regional maps we are producing from the Galileo spacecraft data. Our goal is to assess the variety of volcanic and tectonic materials and their interrelationships on Io using planetary mapping techniques, supplemented with all available Galileo remote sensing data. Based on the Galileo data analysis and our mapping, we have determined that the most recent geologic activity in the Zamama-Thor region has been dominated by two sites of large-scale volcanic surface changes. The Zamama Eruptive Center is a site of both explosive and effusive eruptions, which emanate from two relatively steep edifices (Zamama Tholi A and B) that appear to be built by both silicate and sulfur volcanism. A ∼100-km long flow field formed sometime after the 1979 Voyager flybys, which appears to be a site of promethean-style compound flows, flow-front SO₂ plumes, and adjacent sulfur flows. Larger, possibly stealthy, plumes have on at least one occasion during the Galileo mission tapped a source that probably includes S and/or Cl to produce a red pyroclastic deposit from the same vent from which silicate lavas were erupted. The Thor Eruptive Center, which may have been active prior to Voyager, became active again during the Galileo mission between May and August 2001. A pillanian-style eruption at Thor included the tallest plume observed to date on Io (at least 500 km high) and new dark lava flows. The plume produced a central dark pyroclastic deposit (probably silicate-rich) and an outlying white diffuse ring that is SO₂-rich. Mapping shows that several of the new dark lava flows around the plume vent have reoccupied sites of earlier flows. Unlike most of the other pillanian eruptions observed during the Galileo mission, the 2001 Thor eruption did not produce a large red ring deposit, indicating a relative lack of S and/or Cl gases interacting with the magma during that eruption. Between these two eruptive centers are two paterae, Thomagata and Reshef. Thomagata Patera is located on a large shield-like mesa and shows no signs of activity. In contrast, Reshef Patera is located on a large, irregular mesa that is apparently undergoing degradation through erosion (perhaps from SO₂-sapping or chemical decomposition of sulfur-rich material) from multiple secondary volcanic centers.     

通过卫星双向双频观测对电离层时延的测定

介绍了利用卫星双向双频(C波段)观测来测定电离层时延的方法,并对不同经纬度的观测结果进行了比较和分析。卫星双向双频(C波段)观测精度高,采样间隔短,能测定电离层总电子含量的细微变化。