基于探地雷达属性分析的典型岩溶不良地质识别方法

采用探地雷达进行岩溶隧道超前地质预报时,受现场探测环境、岩溶地质的复杂性以及解译技术制约,多解性问题一直未能得到很好解决。从依托工程中选取代表性的案例,分析总结隧道建设中常见的几种典型岩溶不良地质的属性特征,结果表明岩溶不良地质类型与探地雷达属性参数有很好相关性,其中:空腔型溶洞、干燥松散黏土夹碎石充填型溶洞和无水破碎带雷达反射波中心频率随时间衰减较慢,分布范围分别为90~105、85~100、70~110MHz;软塑状黏土充填型溶洞和富水破碎带雷达反射波中心频率随时间衰减较快,分布范围分别为60~80MHz和40~70MHz。研究属性特征定量表示方法,提出基于广义S变换及子波谱模拟的雷达波吸收衰减参数计算方法。实际数据分析结果表明:每种属性都能从某些角度反映岩溶不良地质体雷达反射波的特征,在综合多个特征参数后,可以较好地区分不同的岩溶不良地质类型,从而提高探地雷达目标识别精度。     

地质雷达方法在上海市轨道交通明珠线工程中的应用

地质雷达方法在上海市轨道交通明珠线工程中的应用表明,此方法在探测地下障碍物中能依靠雷达图象识别其类型、材质、深度等,有利于快速、准确定位,有一定的优越性。     

用连续小波变换分析探地雷达回波信号

脉冲探地雷达回波信号是典型的非平稳、非线性信号.本文通过连续小波变换,对地下圆柱目标实测结果进行分析,得到了目标冲击响应的典型波形特征.分析结果证明,这种方法可以有效地用于目标检测,时延估计等脉冲探地雷达信号处理中的关键问题     

Fracturing around a preconditioned deep level gold mine stope

The mining faces of the highly stressed tabular stopes in South Africa's deep level gold mines are prone to a type of rock burst termed a face-burst. As a means of ameliorating these face-burst conditions, a destressing technique termed preconditioning has been employed. Part of the studies into the quantification of the effects and mechanisms of preconditioning was a detailed investigation of the fracture pattern around unpreconditioned and preconditioned stopes. Techniques included mapping of the fractures exposed in the mined areas of the stope, measurement of profiles of the stope hangingwall and the use of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR). These studies indicate that preconditioning does not produce new sets of fractures and stress redistribution ahead of the face occurs by re-activation of specific pre-existing fractures, thereby reducing the potential for face-bursting.     

独立分量分析在探地雷达信号处理中的应用初探

针对探地雷达(Ground Penetrating Radar,GPR)信号信噪比低、背景杂波强,事先对探测目标的信息所知甚少,近乎处于“盲”状态,因而实际处理难度大等实际问题,提出了将独立分量分析(In-dependent Component Analysis,ICA)这种盲信号处理技术应用于GPR信号处理,并利用ICA中的Fast-ICA算法,对ICA法在GPR信号处理中的应用进行了初步探索,实现了GPR信号中弱目标信号和强背景杂波的有效分离,并初步解决了对所分离目标信号的正确排序,以及由ICA方法本身带来的所分离目标独立分量信号符号的不确定性等问题,使GPR信号信噪比大幅提高,从而使GPR的目标检测性能也得以显著改善。在对诸如地雷、地下管线等局部目标的时域有限差分法(Finite-dif-ference Time-domain,FDTD)、仿真GPR数据和室外试验观测GPR数据进行ICA处理后,都取得了理想的结果。      

衰减夹层GPR模拟的时频域全局反射误差

全局反射误差分析是深入研究探地雷达(GPR)吸收边界条件吸收效率的有力工具.基于常规完全匹配层(PML)的标准交错网格有限差分算法必须满足严格的CFL条件限制,即在单位时间步长内,不容许电磁波传播的距离超过单元网格尺寸.为了提高主区域所有网格节点的计算效率,并有效地吸收传播后期出现的低频隐失波,提出基于非分裂递归卷积完全匹配层(UCPML)的旋转交错网格(RSG)GPR正演算法.该算法采用不同的网格交错策略,并在边界条件中引入了吸收低频隐失波的自由可变因子,使得该算法允许选取较大的时间步长,提高了计算效率,并且实现了对低频隐失波的高效吸收.本文首先给出了RSG差分格式,推导了基于UCPML的RSG差分更新方程,探讨了数值色散的稳定性条件,然后以绕射现象严重的衰减夹层数值模拟为例,分别从波场快照、单道波记录、时间域反射误差(TDRE)、频率域反射误差(FDRE)四个方面分析了UCPML与常规PML的全局反射误差,说明了基于UCPML和RSG的GPR正演算法能更有效地吸收低频隐失波.     

利用地面激光与地质雷达综合探测活断层浅层三维结构——以川西理塘毛垭坝盆地北缘正断层为例

快速获取活断层的高精度微地貌形态和对应的浅层三维结构是揭示活断层浅地表形迹与活动特征的关键。文中综合利用地面三维激光扫描仪和地质雷达技术,以川西理塘地区毛垭坝盆地北缘主边界断裂禾尼段的正断层崖为研究对象,获取了该处正断层错动2期最新地貌面的精确地表垂直位移量和浅层二维地质雷达图像,并初步建立了基于地面三维激光与地质雷达的活断层微地貌精细化三维测量方法,构建了断层崖微地貌的精细三维模型和浅表三维图像,揭示了正断层崖处发育的伸展地堑结构,同时初步实现了断层微地貌地表地下三维数据的一体化融合显示及相互解译。应用结果表明,该方法可以同时快速、高效、无损地获取大范围内的活断层微地貌及浅层结构的多层次、多视觉的空间数据,极大地提高了对活动断层微地貌形态与浅层结构进行快速调查与研究的精度和认识水平,也为更全面地认识和理解活断层的空间分布与变形特征、活动习性和多期古地震遗迹等提供重要的数据和方法支持。因此,对该方法的继续探索和完善,将显著提升和扩展其在活断层定量化和精细化研究中的实用性及应用前景。     

Stratigraphy and internal structure of wind-dominated barrier islands (dune and machair) of the Outer Hebrides,Scotland

The barrier islands that fringe the western shore of the Outer Hebrides are globally unusual in that they are developed on a planated bedrock (strandflat) surface. They also contain the most extensive area of machair (a distinctive vegetated sandy plain) in the British Isles. This paper presents the first investigation of the internal structure and morphology of these barrier islands and investigates the controls on their structure. The barriers form extensive (300-1000 metres wide) but thin (1.5-2 m) surficial deposits typically resting on bedrock. In areas where depressions exist in the bedrock, and where sediment supply permits, transgressive dunes underlie the machair. A distinctive machair facies of sub-horizontal, undulating reflections, which are laterally continuous over tens of metres is the dominant component of the barriers at each site. This reflects episodic deposition of windblown sand up to the level of the water table. Thereafter any additional sand is transported through the system to accumulate in topographic lows as lake fills, or on topographic highs as ‘high machair’. Eight radar facies were identified, the extent and presence of which vary between the study sites. Bedrock topography and sediment supply are interpreted as the dominant controls on variability in barrier structure. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Surface melt-driven seasonal behaviour (englacial and subglacial) from a soft-bedded temperate glacier recorded by in situ wireless probes

We investigate the spatial and temporal englacial and subglacial processes associated with a temperate glacier resting on a deformable bed using the unique Glacsweb wireless in situ probes (embedded in the ice and the till) combined with other techniques [including ground penetrating radar (GPR) and borehole analysis]. During the melt season (spring, summer and autumn), high surface melt leads to high water pressures in the englacial and subglacial environment. Winter is characterized by no surface melting on most days (‘base’) apart from a series of positive degree days. Once winter begins, a diurnal water pressure cycle is established in the ice and at the ice/sediment interface, with direct meltwater inputs from the positive degree days and a secondary slower englacial pathway with a five day lag. This direct surface melt also drives water pressure changes in the till. Till deformation occurred throughout the year, with the winter rate approximately 60% that of the melt season. We were able to show the bed comprised patches of till with different strengths, and were able to estimate their size, relative percentage and temporal stability. We show that the melt season is characterized by a high pressure distributed system, and winter by a low pressure channelized system. We contrast this with studies from Greenland (overlying rigid bedrock), where the opposite was found. We argue our results are typical of soft bedded glaciers with low englacial water content, and suggest this type of glacier can rapidly respond to surface-driven melt. Based on theoretical and field results we suggest that the subglacial hydrology comprises a melt season distributed system dominated by wide anastomosing broad flat channels and thin water sheets, which may become more channelized in winter, and more responsive to changes in meltwater inputs. © 2019 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.