综合多频率地质雷达天线探测活断层浅层结构——以玉树活动断裂为例

地质雷达技术具有操作性强、分辨率高、探测深度深、对地表环境无破坏和可重复探测等特点,在活断层探测中具有很大的优势。为验证综合多中心频率地质雷达天线探测活断层地下浅层结构效果,以民主村处发育的玉树活动断裂为研究对象,采用25 MHz、100 MHz、250 MHz和500 MHz中心频率的地质雷达天线对活断层浅层结构进行探测,并与探槽剖面进行效果对比。研究结果表明:低中心频率的地质雷达天线（25 MHz和100 MHz）可获取大范围内深度较深（约32 m）的活断层地下浅层结构的整体形态,从雷达图像上可识别出主断层分布范围、断层倾向及地下浅层结构等;而中高中心频率的地质雷达天线（250 MHz和500 MHz）则可获取局部范围内深度较浅（约3 m）的地下浅层结构,尤其是500 MHz天线。探测结果与地表构造地貌形态和探槽剖面地质构造一致,表明综合多中心频率地质雷达天线探测玉树活动断裂浅层结构的有效性和适用性,为活断层研究提供多尺度数据及方法支持。      

Anatomy of a subaqueous ice-contact fan and delta complex, Middle Pleistocene, North-west Germany

This paper presents a detailed analysis of the high‐resolution facies architecture of the Middle Pleistocene Porta subaqueous ice‐contact fan and delta complex, deposited on the northern margin of glacial Lake Weser (North‐west Germany). A total of 10 sand and gravel pits and more than 100 wells were examined to document the complex facies architecture. The field study was supplemented with a ground‐penetrating radar survey and a shear‐wave seismic survey. All collected sedimentological and geophysical data were integrated into a high‐resolution three‐dimensional geological model for reconstructing the spatial distribution of facies associations. The Porta subaqueous fan and delta complex consist of three fan bodies deposited on a flat lake‐bottom surface at the margin of a retreating ice lobe. The northernmost fan complex is up to 55 m thick, 6·2 km wide and 6·5 km long. The incipient fan deposition is characterized by high‐energy flows of a plane‐wall jet. Very coarse‐grained, highly scoured jet‐efflux deposits with an elongate plan shape indicate a high Froude number, probably >5. These jet‐efflux sediments are deposited in front of a large ～3·2 km long, up to 1·2 km wide, and up to 25 m deep flute‐like scour, indicating the most proximal erosion and bypass area of the jet that widens and deepens with distance downstream to the region of maximum turbulence (approximately five times the conduit diameter). Evidence for subsequent flow splitting is given by the presence of two marginal gravel fan lobes, deposited in front of 1·3 to 2·5 km long flute‐like scours, that are 0·8 to 1 km wide and 7 to 20 m deep. In response to continued aggradation, small jets developed at the periphery of these bar‐like deposits and filled in the low areas adjacent to the original superelevated regions, locally raising the depositional surface and characterized by large‐scale trough cross‐stratified sand and pebbly sand. The incision of an up to 1·2 km wide and up to 35 m deep channel into the evolving fan is attributed to a catastrophic drainage event, probably related to a lake outburst and lake‐level fall in the range of 40 to 60 m. At the mouth of this channel, highly scoured jet‐efflux deposits formed under hydraulic‐jump conditions during flow expansion. Subsequently, Gilbert‐type deltas formed on the truncated fan margin, recording a second lake‐level drop in the range of 30 to 40 m. These catastrophic lake‐level falls were probably caused by rapid ice‐lobe retreat controlled by the convex‐up bottom topography of the ice valley.     

西藏阿里地区嘎尼冰川厚度特征及冰储量估算

冰川厚度和冰下地形是冰川学研究中相当宝贵的数据。2018年5月,利用探地雷达（GPR）对西藏阿里地区喀喇昆仑山脉南部的嘎尼冰川进行了冰川厚度测量。基于ArcGIS中的地统计分析模块,运用Kriging插值方法对冰川非测厚区进行插值计算,结合差分GPS数据、遥感影像数据和地形数据,分析了嘎尼冰川横、纵剖面厚度特征,绘制了冰川冰下地形图和冰川厚度分布图,并估算了该冰川冰储量。结果表明：嘎尼冰川冰下地形存在空间差异,东支冰下地形起伏较大,西支相对平缓,冰川作用以下蚀作用为主,冰川面积为4.31 km²,平均厚度51.2 m,最大厚度出现在东支海拔5 970 m处,约为136.6 m,冰储量为0.218 km³。     

阵列式探地雷达信号极化场特征

阵列式观测是探地雷达系统研制和新型探测方法的一个重要发展趋势,而同形多源并发地下目标响应特征分析成为系统研制和数据处理研究的基础和前提。阵列式天线的多源并发信号及目标反射信号存在复杂的极化特性,但同时也包含更多目标特征的响应信息。本文针对基于似平面波探地雷达系统,分析了目标体在极化平面波照射下的响应特征,从多极化信号角度分析典型地下目标体形态特征;并采用时域有限差分正演分析方法,通过对阵列天线接收到的数据沿时间轴进行积分来获得目标在地表投影的分布情况,分析了一维及二维分布的收发天线阵列对目标的检测。研究成果表明,多极化综合特征分析能够有效改善目标检测的稳定性,提高目标响应信号的信噪比,减弱天线方向图和目标散射截面闪烁对数据剖面的影响,降低数据处理和解释的难度。     

Transverse architecture of lahar terraces,inferred from radargrams: preliminary results from Semeru Volcano,Indonesia

Semeru Volcano is the highest mountain of Java (Indonesia), and a vulcanian explosion occurs every 15 minutes on average, since 1967. Thus a constantly renewed stock of material and the heavy monsoon rainfall [3700 mm yr^?1 at 1500 m above sea level (a.s.l.)] provide a perfect setting for the study of lahars and their deposits. Hence, we examined the architecture of lahars' terraces 9·5 km from the summit in the Curah Lengkong Valley. We first used ground penetrating radar (GPR) over vertical exposures of the lahars cut‐bank terraces. This allowed us to better understand transversal radargrams across terraces, which are not visually accessible in the field. Preliminary results from a single radargram are very instructive, since (1) they prove that the lateral architecture does not correspond to that observed from banks only; (2) we could observe the presence of lenses and stratigraphic discontinuities; (3) the setting of the various units can also help reconstruct deposition processes and the chronology of different units. In order to finalize these preliminary results, we however need to perform multiple GPR radargrams and provide a complete set of results. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于全波形反演的探地雷达数据逆时偏移成像

逆时偏移成像(RTM)常用来处理复杂速度模型,包括陡倾角及横向速度变化剧烈的模型.与常规偏移成像方法(如Kirchhoff偏移)相比,逆时偏移成像能提供更好的偏移成像结果,近些年逆时偏移成像越来越广泛地应用到勘探地震中,它逐渐成为石油地震勘探中的一种行业标准.电磁波和弹性波在动力学和运动学上存在相似性,故本文开发了基于麦克斯韦方程组的电磁波逆时偏移成像算法,并将其应用到探地雷达数据处理中.时间域有限差分(FDTD)用于模拟电磁波正向和逆向传播过程,互相关成像条件用于获得最终偏移结果.逆时偏移成像算法中,偏移成像结果受初始模型影响较大,而其中决定电磁波传播速度的介电常数的影响尤为重要.本文基于时间域全波形反演(FWI)算法反演获得了更为精确的地下介电常数模型,并将其反演结果作为逆时偏移成像的初始介电常数模型.为了验证此算法的有效性,首先构建了一个复杂地质结构模型,合成了共偏移距及共炮点探地雷达数据,分别应用常规Kirchhoff偏移算法及逆时偏移成像算法进行偏移处理,成像结果显示由逆时偏移成像算法得到的偏移结果与实际模型具有较高的一致性;此外本文在室内沙槽中进行了相关的物理模拟实验,采集了共偏移距及共炮点探地雷达数据,分别应用Kirchhoff和叠前逆时偏移成像算法进行处理,结果表明叠前逆时偏移成像在实际应用中能获得更好的成像效果.     

综合物探方法在滑坡地质勘探中的应用研究

综合物探方法在滑坡等地质灾害的勘探中发挥着重要的技术作用。这里以河南省某地滑坡勘探为例,利用高密度电阻率法和地质雷达法等综合物探方法,分析两种物探方法的技术原理、联合解释,并结合地质钻探、地质调查等资料,查明该场地滑坡体的分布情况。结果表明,综合物探方法能有效地减少物探的多解性,提高成果解释精度,其综合物探解释成果与地质情况较为吻合,显示出综合物探方法在滑坡等地质灾害勘探中的重要作用。最后,对综合物探方法及综合解释进行了简要的总结和展望。      

巴丹吉林沙漠横向沙山沉积GPR雷达探测研究

应用GPR雷达探测技术对巴丹吉林沙漠东南部呼都格吉林和诺日图两个典型横向沙山迎风坡剖面探测结果表明： GPR雷达探测可以清晰地揭示沙山距地面 20～30m 深度内的沉积构造信息,并可模糊地揭示其下的湿砂层部分信息; 该横向沙山迎风坡地貌与沉积自坡底至坡顶可依次划分为底部湖滨草－灌丛沙堆相、下部单一横向沙丘相、中部复合横向沙丘相、顶部星状沙丘相等类型; 横向沙山迎风坡现代沙丘下伏有相当连续且厚度巨大的沉积序列; 沙山内部存在巨厚持水湿砂层,干、湿砂界面大致平行于沙山表面,其深度在沙山中、上部在 20～30m 深度处变化,在沙山下部接近地表; 沙山内部湿沙水分很可能来自降水,并对沙山发育起着重要支持作用; 湖泊水可能主要来自沙山内部水分下渗迁移; 沙山间湖泊可能是沙山或沙漠发育到一定阶段的必然产物。     

铁路路基雷达探测工作参数的设计

介绍了使用路检车装载探地雷达(Ground Penetrating Radar)对铁路路基检测的原理,结合野外探测过程中对测量深度、精度和行车速度的要求,给出了GPR现场工作测线布置的原则,理论上给出天线中心频率、时窗、采样率、测量点距的计算公式.讨论了连续测量和离散测量的关系,考虑到连续测量时水平精度的要求,给出行车速度必须满足的两个条件,从而确定行车速度的上限.为保证野外检测工作的顺利进行,结合实际情况给出了GPR工作参数的设计原则和流程.     

岩溶区不同土洞探测方法的对比研究——以桂阳高速公路K23+100～K23+190路段为例

岩溶土洞及塌陷严重影响高速公路建设和安全运营,是覆盖型岩溶区高速公路路基面临而且又难以解决的主要岩溶病害问题。本文在桂阳高速公路K23+ 100～ K23+ 190路段利用地质雷达、浅层地震反射法、高密度电阻率法三种常规物探方法对土洞探测进行对比实验,结果表明: 地质雷达具有精度和效率高、成本低、成果直观等特点,是探测浅埋藏( < 10m)、小尺寸( < 3m)土洞的最佳方法。