应用生物标志物参数定量判识热水沉积古环境

利用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)对西成矿田泥盆系热水沉积岩和重庆城口震旦系正常沉积岩中的生物标志物进行了测定,并通过多元统计方法对两种环境中的多种生物标志物参数进行了聚类和判别分析。结果表明:(1)热水沉积岩和正常沉积岩中的有机质饱和烃/芳烃平均值分别为4.64和1.10,正构烷烃的碳优势指数CPI平均值分别为1.35和1.11,ΣnC22-/ΣnC22 为3.17和0.74,nC21 22/nC28 29平均值分别为4.29和1.61,Pr/Ph平均值分别为0.44和0.28,C29-/C30 平均值分别为7.41和0.98,C21/αβC30平均值分别为4.32和0.31。(2)热水沉积岩中的有机质具有高饱和烃、低芳烃,饱和烃馏分中低分子量生物标志物含量较高而高分子量生物标志物含量较低的特点。ΣnC22-/ΣnC22 和nC21 22/nC28 29可能反映西成矿田硅质岩形成时的特殊的热水沉积古环境,三环萜烷C21/αβC30藿烷值可能是热水沉积环境的一个较好的指标。(3)以ΣnC22-/ΣnC22 、nC21 22/nC28 29、Pr/Ph和C30αβ藿烷/ΣC29甾烷4个参数建立的两类判别函数可以定量判识热水沉积古环境。     

大米草多糖的提取及其单糖组成的GC-MS 分析

分析了海洋滩涂生物大米草(Spartina anglica)中的多糖成分和单糖组成,为这种生物资源的开发提供科学依据。利用水提醇沉、Sevag法脱蛋白得到纯大米草多糖,经三氟乙酸降解、糖腈乙酸酯衍生,最后用气相色谱-质谱联用法(GC-MS)分析大米草多糖中的单糖组成。结果表明大米草单糖组成为鼠李糖、核糖、阿拉伯糖、木糖、甘露糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖,其质量分数分别是:4.13%,3.02%,11.94%,8.89%,6.82%,27.18%,38.00%。大米草多糖是一种可利用的食品资源,其主要成分半乳糖、葡萄糖都是营养价值很高的单糖,大米草多糖可深入研究开发其生物活性用作保健食品。     

桑沟湾水体及沉积物中有机磷农残时空分布特征

以气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)分析并结合外标法,定量测定了2009年4月—2010年2月6个航次桑沟湾海域水体和沉积物中常见的8种有机磷农药,探讨了该海域有机磷农药组成以及时空分布特征.结果表明:桑沟湾水体中共检出有机磷农药6种,其中甲基对硫磷、马拉硫磷和对硫磷等3种有机磷农药在各航次均有检出.沉积物中有机磷农药含量的水平分布呈现由湾口向湾内海域逐渐降低的趋势.该海域水体中有机磷农药含量呈现10月份较高,4月、6月和8月份次之,12月和 2月份最低的月份分布特征.与国内外类似水体相比,桑沟湾海域中总有机磷农药含量处于轻度污染水平,甲基对硫磷、马拉硫磷等单组分含量也处于较低水平.     

应急状态下海洋溢油源鉴别的应用研究

通过一实例对应急状态下如何对海洋溢油源进行快速地判断筛选进行了研究-先运用气相色谱法从数量众多的可疑溢油源中初步筛选出几个，再利用气-质联用做进一步的鉴别．事实证明，这种方法有利于应急状态下溢油源的快速鉴别     

ASE3OO与快速索氏抽提仪处理沉积岩样品的地化参数对比

本文对加速溶剂萃取仪(ASE300)和快速索氏抽提仪提取的氯仿沥青“A”及由其分离出的饱和烃、芳烃、胶质和沥青质组分做了详细对比.结果表明:多数情况下ASE300抽提出的氯仿沥青“A”的量比快速索氏抽提仪抽提出的量略多,主要是胶质和沥青质量的增加;不同抽提装置得到的饱和烃和芳烃组分的色谱-质谱谱图高度一致,定量结果的相对偏差在5％以内.各组分的稳定碳同位素分析精度±0.5‰.所有的地化参数表明ASE300完全可以替代快速索氏抽提仪,从而降低消耗、提高分析效率.     

蔬菜农药残留GC-MS分析方法改进与基质效应探讨

改进了国家标准GB/T5009.20-2003和农业部标准NY/T761-2004中的2种样品前处理方法,适用于GC-MS多农药残留检测,并探讨了基质效应的影响。使用GC-MS-SIM检测,做到了快速准确地检测多种农药残留、排除假阳性;采用基质标准结合单点校正进行定量分析,解决了保留时间的漂移,基质增强效应和个别有机磷农药拖尾的问题。建议使用农业部标准的改进方法进行多种农药的检测,而在甲胺磷或乙酰甲胺磷的单项检测中使用国标改进方法。采用2次脱水的国标改进方法,加标回收率在70%~105%;采用丙酮 正己烷混合溶剂溶样的农业部标准改进方法,加标回收率在90%~105%(甲胺磷和乙酰甲胺磷在65%左右),2种方法的相对标准偏差均在15%以内。     

Identification of petroleum hydrocarbons using a reduced number of PAHs selected by Procrustes rotation

Identifying petroleum-related products released into the environment is a complex and difficult task. To achieve this, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are of outstanding importance nowadays. Despite traditional quantitative fingerprinting uses straightforward univariate statistical analyses to differentiate among oils and to assess their sources, a multivariate strategy based on Procrustes rotation (PR) was applied in this paper. The aim of PR is to select a reduced subset of PAHs still capable of performing a satisfactory identification of petroleum-related hydrocarbons. PR selected two subsets of three (C₂-naphthalene, C₂-dibenzothiophene and C₂-phenanthrene) and five (C₁-decahidronaphthalene, naphthalene, C₂-phenanthrene, C₃-phenanthrene and C₂-fluoranthene) PAHs for each of the two datasets studied here. The classification abilities of each subset of PAHs were tested using principal components analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis and Kohonen neural networks and it was demonstrated that they unraveled the same patterns as the overall set of PAHs.     

Burial and degradation of Rena oil within coastal sediments of the Bay of Plenty

ABSTRACT

During the Rena oil spill, no data existed for New Zealand conditions on the likely depth of burial and the expected degradation of oil deposited on sandy beaches. Sediment cores were taken from 12 locations along the Bay of Plenty coastline c. 1 year after the Rena oil spill. No visible oil was detected in cores and trenches dug within the beaches. Chemical extraction was performed on 20?cm slices from the upper 40?cm of 26 cores, and the elutriates were analysed for the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The results were compared with known PAH fingerprints of Rena oil and its degradation products. Only seven samples contained some marker PAHs, and none had a complete Rena profile, indicating stormwater contamination. Despite extensive deposition of Rena oil on beaches, no evidence of ongoing contamination could be located, indicating that the clean-up and degradation were effective at removing the oil.     

Polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners in the young-of-the-year bluefish,Pomatomus saltatrix,from several nursery habitats along the US Atlantic coastline

Spatial trends of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners were examined by using high resolution gas chromatography – low resolution electron impact mass spectrometry (GC-EIMS) in 414 samples of young-of-the-year (YOY) bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix) collected from a total of 29 nursery habitats along the US Atlantic coastline from Massachusetts to Florida. Of the 26 target PBDE congeners, BDE-47 (4 Br), BDE-100 (5 Br), BDE-49 (4 Br), BDE-99 (5 Br), and BDE-154 (6 Br) were the five most frequently detected congeners in the order of decreasing importance. The sum of the concentrations of five major PBDE congeners, referred to as ΣPBDEs, varied between estuaries and also among samples from a given estuary. ΣPBDEs were lowest in YOY bluefish from Vineyard Sound, Nantucket Sound, Great Bay, Delaware Bay, Lynnhaven Bay, Cape Lookout, and Crescent Beach, with maximum ΣPBDE concentrations below 10 ng/g wet weight. ΣPBDEs in three bluefish samples from Stamford Harbor were detected at relatively high to unusually high concentrations of 69.1, 205, and 561 ng/g wet weight. ΣPBDE values for other Stamford Harbor bluefish were generally low. Highest PBDE concentrations were detected in the vicinity of industrial and urban locations within the New York – New Jersey metropolitan complex. Among them, bluefish from Newark Bay were generally the most contaminated with an average ΣPBDE value of 56.6 ± 30.8 ng/g wet weight. ΣPBDEs in bluefish from Newark Bay were numerically greater than ΣPBDEs in bluefish from all locations, however these differences were not statistically significant. Modest to good correlations between ΣPBDEs and lipids were observed for YOY bluefish from Buzzards Bay, Upper New Bedford Harbor, Lower New Bedford Harbor, Outer New Bedford Harbor, Providence Harbor, Housatonic River, Norwalk Harbor, Little Neck Bay, Newark Bay, Sandy Hook Bay, Great Bay, Delaware Bay, Patuxent River and Crescent Beach. Poor correlations between ΣPBDE and lipids were observed for bluefish from other estuaries. ΣPBDEs were not always correlated with fish length or weight. ΣPBDEs in YOY bluefish along the US Atlantic coastline modestly paralleled ΣPBDEs in mussels and oysters, from not exact but geographically loosely similar locations, reported in the NOAA Mussel Watch Program. A number of researchers who used the high resolution mass spectrometry reported additional PBDE congeners. Although PBDE congeners we report do appear to be the prominent congeners in these studies, it is likely that the comparisons will be skewed in certain instances.     

孔雀石绿在青石斑鱼肌肉组织中的残留与消除规律

为了解运输和疾病防治过程非法使用孔雀石绿后,青石斑鱼(Epinephelus awoara)对孔雀石绿的蓄积及消除规律,以指导对孔雀石绿的禁用监管,采用3种浓度的孔雀石绿分别连续药浴5 h,以及分3次间断药浴15 min,再转移至水泥池中用海水养殖,采用液相色谱—串联质谱法(LC/MS/MS)测定青石斑鱼肌肉组织中孔雀石绿的残留。结果表明:模拟运输过程用药后,残留量依次为247、102、113 g/kg,模拟疾病防治用药后,最大残留量依次为14.3、10.2、8.62 g/kg;两种用药方式下,用药浓度为0.15 mg/L时,其残留峰值均出现在清水养殖一个月后;模拟运输过程用药后,青石斑鱼肌肉组织孔雀石绿需245 d方可降至检测限以下,模拟疾病防治需122 d。种苗阶段的非法用药也可能成为水产品孔雀石绿残留的来源。