Attenuation of Coda Waves at the Changbaishan Tianchi Volcanic Area in Northeast China

21 earthquakes recorded by a temporary seismic network in the Changbaishan Tianchi volcanic area in Northeast China operated during the summer of 2002 and 2003 were analyzed to estimate the S coda attenuation. The attenuation quality factor Q_c was estimated using the single scattering attenuation model of Sato (1977) in the frequency band from 4 to 24 Hz. All the events studied in this paper occurred at depths from 2 to 6 km with ML of 1.4–2.8. The epicentral distances are less than 25 km. For all events which occurred near the Tianchi Lake (caldera), the Q_c patterns obtained at the stations near the lake are similar, and the Q_c values are relatively small. At the stations located about 15 km east of the Tianchi Lake, however, the average Q_c is significantly higher. For an event which occurred 25km from the lake to the west, Q_c patterns derived at the stations near the lake are quite similar to the above mentioned Q_c for stations located in the east. Further study shows that Q_c value in the north and central areas of the volcano is relatively lower than that in the surrounding area. Compared to other volcanic areas in the world, the average Q_c of the Changbaishan Tianchi volcanic area is obviously lower. The deep seismic sounding and teleseismic receiver function studies indicated more than one lower velocity layer in the crust. The MT studies suggested the presence of high conductive bodies beneath the area. We interpret the strong attenuation of coda waves near the Changbaishan Tianchi volcano as being possibly related to high temperature medium caused by shallow magma chambers.     

Comparison of COSPEC and two miniature ultraviolet spectrometer systems for SO2 measurements using scattered sunlight

The correlation spectrometer (COSPEC), the principal tool for remote measurements of volcanic SO₂, is rapidly being replaced by low-cost, miniature, ultraviolet (UV) spectrometers. We compared two of these new systems with a COSPEC by measuring SO₂ column amounts at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaii. The two systems, one calibrated using in-situ SO₂ cells, and the other using a calibrated laboratory reference spectrum, employ similar spectrometer hardware, but different foreoptics and spectral retrieval algorithms. Accuracy, signal-to-noise, retrieval parameters, and precision were investigated for the two configurations of new miniature spectrometer. Measurements included traverses beneath the plumes from the summit and east rift zone of Kīlauea, and testing with calibration cells of known SO₂ concentration. The results obtained from the different methods were consistent with each other, with <8% difference in estimated SO₂ column amounts up to 800 ppm m. A further comparison between the COSPEC and one of the miniature spectrometer configurations, the ‘FLYSPEC’, spans an eight month period and showed agreement of measured emission rates to within 10% for SO₂ column amounts up to 1,600 ppm m. The topic of measuring high SO₂ burdens accurately is addressed for the Kīlauea measurements. In comparing the foreoptics, retrieval methods, and resultant implications for data quality, we aim to consolidate the various experiences to date, and improve the application and development of miniature spectrometer systems.     

Geochemical Changes in Spring Water Associated with the 2000 Eruption of the Miyakejima Volcano, Japan

Water was sampled from eight springs and a lake in volcanic Miyakejima Island of Japan after the 2000 eruption. Major chemical and isotopic compositions of the water were analyzed. Significant increases of sulfate ion are observed in several springs where the thickness of ejecta exceeds 32 mm. A good relationship of Cl/S mole ratios between spring water and leachate of the ejecta is observed. Sulfur isotopic compositions of the spring water become close to that of leachate of the ejecta as time elapses after the eruption. Consequently the sources of the added sulfate ion in the spring water after the eruption are interpreted to be anhydrite and adhered sulfur of the ejecta.     

Silicic lava dome growth in the 1934–1935 Showa Iwo-jima eruption, Kikai caldera, south of Kyushu, Japan

The 1934–1935 Showa Iwo-jima eruption started with a silicic lava extrusion onto the floor of the submarine Kikai caldera and ceased with the emergence of a lava dome. The central part of the emergent dome consists of lower microcrystalline rhyolite, grading upward into finely vesicular lava, overlain by coarsely vesicular lava with pumice breccia at the top. The lava surface is folded, and folds become tighter toward the marginal part of the dome. The dome margin is characterized by two zones: a fracture zone and a breccia zone. The fracture zone is composed of alternating layers of massive lava and welded oxidized breccia. The breccia zone is the outermost part of the dome, and consists of glassy breccia interpreted to be hyaloclastite. The lava dome contains lava with two slightly different chemical compositions; the marginal part being more dacitic and the central part more rhyolitic. The fold geometry and chemical compositions indicate that the marginal dacite had a slightly higher temperature, lower viscosity, and lower yield stress than the central rhyolite. The high-temperature dacite lava began to effuse in the earlier stage from the central crater. The front of the dome came in contact with seawater and formed hyaloclastite. During the later stage, low-temperature rhyolite lava effused subaerially. As lava was injected into the growing dome, the fracture zone was produced by successive fracturing, ramping, and brecciation of the moving dome front. In the marginal part, hyaloclastite was ramped above the sea surface by progressive increments of the new lava. The central part was folded, forming pumice breccia and wrinkles. Subaerial emplacement of lava was the dominant process during the growth of the Showa Iwo-jima dome.Editorial Responsibility J. McPhie     

卫星热红外遥感在火山活动性监测中的应用

介绍了卫星热红外遥感在国内外火山监测研究中的应用现状,结合热红外遥感在地震中的应用成果,对利用卫星热红外遥感监测火山活动的可行性及方法进行了探讨,提出通过火山区热红外亮温旬变、月变和年变模型扣除地形地貌、岩性、植被等地表环境因素的影响,通过火山区和邻近参照区红外亮温差值运算扣除气象因素影响的火山活动性热红外异常提取方法。并以长白山火山为例,利用1999、2003和2004年的NOAA卫星影像资料,对长白山火山及周围地区的热红外影像特征进行了分析解译,对长白山火山区与外围参照区的红外亮温年变差异进行了统计分析。结果表明:1)长白山火山区的红外亮温分布特征在空间上主要受地形控制,总体表现为以天池为中心,向外围逐渐升高的漏斗状,天池则是低温背景上的明显高温标记。在时间上,长白山火山区红外亮温的演变过程主要受季节变化的影响,具有明显的夏高冬低年变特征。2)相对于1999年,2003和2004年长白山火山区均显示出明显的升温趋势,升温幅度可达2K左右。我们认为这可能是近年来天池火山活动性逐年增强的反映。这也意味着利用卫星热红外遥感监测火山活动性将是行之有效的新途径,也是值得深入研究的课题     

Study on shallow structural features Changbaishan Tianchi volcanic region

A seismic survey by 10 shallow profiles and 6 ultra-shallow profiles was performed in Changbaishan Tianchi volcanic region in 2002. The result shows that there are three （in some areas as many as seven） stable interfaces in the survey region, but no reflection phases are found in depths greater than 500 m. The number of interfaces in the southwestern part is obviously greater than in the northwestern part of Tianchi volcano, which suggests that the faults in the southwest have a stronger controlling power over the flow direction of volcano-spewed lava as compared with those in the northwest. Six shallow faults exist in the survey region. The shallow faults are nearly vertical graben-like faults and are mostly distributed on the southwest of Tianchi crater, indicating that volcanic activities in the southwest are stronger than in the northwest. On this ground, it could be further deduced that the NE-trending major fault of Tianchi volcano （ the Liudaogou-Tianchi-Zengfengshan fault） is more active than the NW-trending Baishanzhen-Tianchi-Jince fault.     

On the time-scale invariance of the eruptive activity of Vesuvius

At Vesuvius, the intervals between final effusive eruptions since 1631 AD and those between successive plinian eruptions since 25 000 yr BP follow the same power law, when separately ranked in decreasing order. So, shifts from small to large scales are possible and this might be very helpful for the assessment of hazards of future strong volcanic activity.     

五大连池火山区地壳上地幔速度结构的接收函数反演

五大连池火山是全新世以来曾经喷发的近代火山群，该火山区小震活动频繁，被认为是活动的休眠火山．本文对该火山区的深部结构进行了接收函数反演和研究．研究结果表明:该火山区存在广泛分布的S波低速结构，个别低速结构赋存部位较浅，低速结构与地震活动性具有对应关系，火山区下部的莫霍界面不十分明显，存在岩浆上涌的条件．因此，我们认为该火山具有活动火山的深部结构特征，存在再次活动的基本条件．      

卫星遥感技术在火山监测中的应用

作为一门新兴技术，卫星遥感已被有效地应用于火山活动监测、通过SAR(合成孔径雷达)和InSAR(合成孔径雷达干涉成像)资料可以监测火山地表形变、使用热辐射数据以及将遥感与其它技术相结合能够研究火山区的热活动和火山喷发物。在我国的火山监测中，广泛地应用卫星遥感技术是非常必要的。     

长白山天池火山监测与火山活动状态的初步分析

对长白山天池火山监测站连续 4年的监测资料 ,包括测震 (含野外测震子台 )、形变 (含GPS和水准 )及水化等进行了认真的分析整理。同时将各手段所获资料与历年的资料进行了对比 ,对长白山天池火山目前的活动状态做出了初步判断。结果表明 :长白山天池火山目前正处于活跃状态 ,而且其活动性具逐年增强的趋势 ,主要表现为最近 1年来的火山地震频次和能量明显地增强