Effect of seismic sequences in reinforced concrete frame buildings located in soft-soil sites

On September 19 and 20, 1985, two strong subduction interface earthquakes struck Mexico City leading to a large stock of damaged, or even collapsed, reinforced concrete (RC) building structures located in soft soil sites of the former lake-bed zone. The aim of this study is to gain further understanding on the effects of soft-soil seismic sequences on the seismic response of RC framed-buildings. This investigation employed artificial sequences since only two real sequences were gathered during the 1985 earthquakes. The nonlinear response, in terms of peak and residual lateral inter-story drift demands of four RC buildings having 4, 8, 12, and 16 stories, was evaluated. Results show that the relationship of the damaged period of the building (i.e. period of the building after the mainshock) to the predominant period of the aftershock, which is a measure of its frequency content, has a significant impact in the building response.     

Copula models for frequency analysis what can be learned from a Bayesian perspective?

Large spring floods in the Québec region exhibit correlated peakflow, duration and volume. Consequently, traditional univariate hydrological frequency analyses must be complemented by multivariate probabilistic assessment to provide a meaningful design flood level as requested in hydrological engineering (based on return period evaluation of a single quantity of interest). In this paper we study 47 years of a peak/volume dataset for the Romaine River with a parametric copula model. The margins are modeled with a normal or gamma distribution and the dependence is depicted through a parametric family of copulas (Arch 12 or Arch 14). Parameter joint inference and model selection are performed under the Bayesian paradigm. This approach enlightens specific features of interest for hydrological engineering: (i) cross correlation between margin parameters are stronger than expected , (ii) marginal distributions cannot be forgotten in the model selection process and (iii) special attention must be addressed to model validation as far as extreme values are of concern.     

基于OFDM的CDMA3G无线通信系统传输地震数据分析

OFDM是一种无线环境下的高速传输技术,它采用一种不连续的多调制技术,将不同载波中的大量信号合并成单一的信号,从而完成信号传送。由于这种技术具有在杂波干扰下传送信号的能力,因此常常会被利用在容易受外界干扰或者抵抗外界干扰能力较差的传输介质中。由于在OFDM系统中各个子信道的载波相互正交,它们的频谱是相互重叠的,这样不但减小了子载波间的相互干扰,同时又提高了频谱利用率。由于地震监测系统中需要传输大量数据,因此OFDM技术在地震监测系统中将有广泛的应用。     

CDMA2000 1x系统传输地震监测信号的性能分析

CDMA2000 1x系统通信容量大,具有频谱利用率高、传输质量好、保密性强、掉线率低、覆盖广等特点,适于对译码时延要求不高的数据传输业务。采用CDMA2000 1x系统实时传输地震监测信号具有丢包率低、电台发射功率小、总干扰电平低、系统的稳定性与可靠性较高的特点,符合地震信号传输的要求。     

频率域全波形反演中关于复频率的研究

Laplace-Fourier域全波形反演可以利用简单的初始模型,从缺失低频信息的地震数据中得到长波长速度模型.Laplace-Fourier域全波形反演等价于本文的复频率全波形反演,但二者的实现方式不同,因此研究复频率全波形反演,可以为二者的对比研究并发展更有效的方法奠定重要基础.本文首先比较用线性增加模型作为初始模型时几个包含不同高低频成分的频率组的反演效果,再比较结合复频率之后各个频率组的反演效果,从简单模型和复杂模型的测试中都可以看出这种复频率+频率反演的方式对反演效果有明显改善.     

接地导线源电磁场全域有效趋肤深度

为了更好地推进广域电磁法的发展和应用,本文以接地长导线源为例,研究了可控源电磁场全场域的有效趋肤深度.利用频域电偶极源在均匀半空间产生电磁场的闭合表达式,计算了不同电磁场分量定义的有效趋肤深度,并讨论了在不同频率、不同偏移距、不同电导率情况下,有效趋肤深度的变化特性.根据有效趋肤深度随偏移距的变化特征以及与平面波趋肤深度之间的关系,利用多项式拟合的办法在五个不同频率范围内给出了适用于全场域的有效趋肤深度快速估算公式.研究结果表明：不同分量定义的有效趋肤深度是不同的,但是它们随偏移距、频率、电导率等参数的变化趋势是类似的,而且在一定范围内都趋近于平面波趋肤深度.理论模型的研究表明,有效趋肤深度可以作为测量参数选取和数据解释工作的参考依据.     

云南地区中强地震连发及其调制比的时空展布特征

剖析并定义了云南地区1970～2001年中强地震连发,发现中强地震连发的时空展布具有空间分布按一定方向有规律迁移,时间分布集中于5～11个月的特点。利用小震调制比分析云南地区中强地震连发的孕震演变,结果发现小震调制比的异常特性：空间上中强震连发前2～0．5a的时段内小震调制比出现8个平方度以上的异常面积元,异常面积元集中的地区为未来中强震连发的主体区域,时间上中强震连发前1～3a出现小震调制比R。的高值异常。并用花岗岩块体受压实验结果初步探讨了中强地震连发及其调制比时空展布特征的构造活动。     

声波方程频率域有限元参数反演

推导出频率域有限元声波正演方程,为了消除边界反射,将Clayton-Engquist旁轴波动方程吸收边界条件引入频率域,并对有限元刚度矩阵和质量矩阵进行压缩存储,利用广义共轭梯度法求解有限元方程获得正演解.在此基础上,推导出在某一频率下波场数据残差δU与单元物性参数修改量δλ之间关系的Jacobi矩阵,反演方法允许利用地面二维炮集全波场资料与给出初始模型参数的正演值的差值δU,迭代求得δλ.由于计算机内存的限制,方法计算不允许有过多数目的未知数个数,因此还提出了对同一介质物性单元的Jacobi矩阵元素进行压缩组装的措施,从而使反演的未知量个数减少,结合采用共轭梯度迭代法,使得只需利用有效波频段的少数一些频率即可进行迭代反演.正演和反演理论模型的数值模拟结果表明方法是有效的.     

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Grain size and transport characteristics of non-uniform sand in aeolian saltation

Size frequency distributions of sediment particles in a wind tunnel containing a bed of non-uniform sand are investigated by re-interpreting existing experimental data using particle-size analysis. Each particle sample is classified into one of eight groups according to its size grading. The analysis reveals that the modal shape of the particle-size frequency distributions of the saltating sand at different elevations or longitudinal distances is similar to that of the mixed sand in the bed once the boundary layer is fully developed. The standard deviation of the grain-size frequency distribution increases with increasing elevation above the bed then stays constant, whereas its skewness decreases. The mean grain size decays exponentially with elevation. The aeolian sand mass flux is determined for each size grading at different vertical and horizontal measurement locations. The vertical profile of aeolian horizontal mass flux depends on the size grading. The distribution of the sand transport rate according to the mean grain size in each grading fits the normal distribution. A parameter w_i is defined to reflect the likelihood of saltation for sand particles of the i-th size grading, and the mean sand size corresponding to the maximum value of w_i is found to be 0.2 mm. In addition, wind velocity strongly influences the magnitudes of the particle-size distribution and the sand mass flux distribution in both vertical and longitudinal directions.