2013年甘肃岷县漳县M_S6.6地震余震序列时域衰减特征分析

本文基于补充遗漏地震事件后的地震目录和修正的大森公式,对2013年7月22日甘肃岷县漳县6.6级地震余震序列时间域衰减特征进行了分析.鉴于主震后短时间内目录遗漏的余震较多,首先利用岷县台连续地震记录波形的高频包络差,检测主震后3h内目录遗漏的地震.经检测在主震后3h内共发现目录遗漏的ML1.0以上地震139个,最大震级为ML3.6.主震后1000s内检测到遗漏地震69个,约为目录给出余震数量的6倍.而后使用补充遗漏地震的目录,基于修正的大森公式分别拟合余震频度和余震地震矩随时间的变化.结果显示拟合p值约为1.07,表明岷县漳县地震余震序列衰减速率与全球平均水平接近,而未补充遗漏地震的频度拟合会造成余震序列衰减速率的低估.利用高频包络差直接计算地震频度曲线,通过三种衰减模式对地震频度曲线拟合参数比较,未观察到岷县漳县地震主震后存在早期余震缺失现象.分析认为,加入遗漏地震可以提高余震频度拟合估计衰减速率结果的准确度和精度,若缺少遗漏地震检测结果,则使用地震矩拟合所得衰减速率结果准确度较优,但需充分考虑其精度上的误差.在分析余震序列衰减特征的实际研究工作中,需根据地震目录完整性选择适当的拟合方法.     

Simulation of the Fate of Faecal Bacteria in Estuarine and Coastal Waters Based on A Fractionated Sediment Transport Model

A two-dimensional depth-integrated numerical model is refined in this paper to simulate the hydrodynamics, graded sediment transport process and the fate of faecal bacteria in estuarine and coastal waters. The sediment mixture is divided into several fractions according to the grain size. A bed evolution model is adopted to simulate the processes of the bed elevation change and sediment grain size sorting. The faecal bacteria transport equation includes enhanced source and sink terms to represent bacterial kinetic transformation and disappearance or reappearance due to sediment deposition or re-suspension. A novel partition ratio and dynamic decay rates of faecal bacteria are adopted in the numerical model. The model has been applied to the turbid water environment in the Bristol Channel and Severn estuary, UK. The predictions by the present model are compared with field data and those by non-fractionated model.     

利用周期振荡法测试超低渗储层的渗透率

渗透率是储层最重要的物性参数,也是油气开发的基础。随着页岩气、致密砂岩油气等非常规油气的开发,迫切需要开展超低渗透率（<0.1×10-3 μm2）测试,对测试方法和仪器都提出了挑战,是非常规油气开发研究的难点。目前我国石油工业中主要采用稳态法和脉冲衰减法进行超低渗透率测试,在测试精度、稳定性和测试周期方面还存在不足,探索高精度超低渗透率的方法十分重要。分析了室内渗透率测量的稳态法、脉冲衰减法和周期振荡法3种方法原理,在三轴应力下进行了岩石超低渗透率对比测量。结果表明,相比稳态法和脉冲衰减法,周期振荡法具有稳定性好、精度高、用时短的优点,建议引入非常规超低渗透储层渗透率测试。对周期振荡法的设备要求和数据处理方法进行了讨论,提出采用快速富里叶变换（FFT）、互谱法等信号处理方法提高数据信噪比,提高超低渗透率的测试精度和稳定性。     

Life cycle of intraseasonal oscillation of summer SST in the western South China Sea

Intraseasonal oscillation (ISO, times-cales of 30~90 d) of summer sea surface temperature (SST) in the western South China Sea is studied using harmonic and empirical orthogonal function analyses of microwave observations by the tropical rainfall measuring mission satellite. Each summer from May to September, two or three ISO events occur off South Vietnam, with a typical period of approximately 50 d. The life cycle of these events from the initiation to decay of SST anomalies is described.     

哈密地区坎儿井动态监测分析及其保护对策

坎儿井作为一项地下水利工程,具有高的人文价值。近年来,随着土地不断开发、机井不断增加、地下水过度开采,坎儿井已呈逐年减少的趋势。以哈密地区为研究区,选取具有代表性的部分坎儿井进行动态监测分析。从水资源可持续开发利用的角度针对研究区的现状,分析坎儿井衰减的原因,提出保护对策。     

北京西山谷积山背斜地热系统成因模式及远景区预测

北京西山隆起区没有天然温泉出露。近年来,在谷积山背斜相继钻井发现了40～49℃的地下热水,但对地热系统成因尚无研究。运用地质、水文地质、地球化学等方法开展研究,结果表明热储为蓟县系雾迷山组白云岩岩溶裂隙水,热水为HCO_3-Ca·Mg型,为中-弱碱性、微硬度、氟水型淡热矿水,初步称为北京西山谷积山地热田。构建了地热系统成因模式,分析热源为谷积山背斜深部隐伏的燕山期酸性花岗岩体产生的放射性元素衰变生热,为隆起山地碳酸盐岩层状热储的地热系统类型,不同于一般隆起山地导热断裂对流地热系统类型。结合西山地区广泛发育的穹窿型构造与燕山期岩浆活动特征,初步预测西山下苇甸穹窿等穹窿型构造具有形成地热系统的地热地质条件,有潜力成为地热资源的富集远景区。     

鄂尔多斯盆地地下水中氚的演化及其年龄

通过总结20世纪60年代以后不同时期大气降雨氚的组成,根据衰变定律,描述了氚在不同时期形成的地下水中的演化轨迹;通过比较不同时期大气降雨氚的组成和所形成的地下水中氚的演化,得出地下水中氚的衰减速度比大气降雨中氚的更新速度慢这一结论;根据鄂尔多斯盆地地下水中氚的组成,解释了鄂尔多斯盆地地下水的形成年龄。     

水污染的导电性和激电性与污染浓度变化关系的几个实验结果

为了解用电阻率法、电磁法和激发极化法监测地下水污染的可能性,给出了在水样和含水砂样中,加入了不同浓度的无机污染物和有机污染物时,样品电阻率、极化率、半衰时和偏离度等导电性和激电性参数与浓度变化关系的几个实验观测结果．水样中的观测结果表明,除个别有机污染样品的电阻率随浓度增加有所增大外,其余所有无机污染和有机污染样品的电阻率均随浓度的增加而减小．含水砂样中的观测结果表明,不同污染成分样品的电阻率和极化率,均随孔隙液浓度的增加而减小,但对反应样品激电时间特性的参数而言,则有半衰时随浓度增加而减小,偏离度随浓度增加而增大的规律．同时指出,用电阻率法、电磁法和激发激化法监测地下水污染是十分困难的．     

Using a Huff-Based Model to Delineate Hospital Service Areas

Hospital service areas (HSAs) are increasingly adopted as a basic analysis unit for health care studies. The popular Dartmouth HSAs were produced more than two decades ago, and the process was far from automated. This research uses a Huff-based model automated in a geographic information systems (GIS) environment to delineate HSAs. Based on the Florida State Inpatient Database (SID) in 2011, a best-fitting distance decay function is derived from the actual travel patterns of hospitalization and then fed into the Huff model to strengthen the model's theoretical foundation in individual spatial behavior. The HSAs derived from the Huff-based model are then compared to the traditional flow-based HSAs defined by the Dartmouth method and assessed in terms of self-containment and heterogeneity of internal socioeconomic structure and urbanicity. The Huff-based model requires fewer data and is easy to implement as an automated toolkit and thus has great potential for replication in other regions to define large-scale and consistent HSAs.     

A meta-analysis of geochronologically relevant half-lives: what’s the best decay constant?

Twenty-first century advances in both the analytical procedures and instrumentation used in geochronology promise age accuracy better than ±1‰, but realizing this potential requires knowledge of decay constants (λ) that exceed this level. Given the paucity of improved recent measurements of λ, the community has experimented with hybrid methodologies utilizing data largely generated during the 1970s. In this article, we perform a systematic review of laboratory decay constant determinations relevant to geochronology (i.e. ⁸⁷Rb, ¹⁴⁷Sm, ¹⁷⁶Lu, ²³⁰Th, ²³²Th, ²³⁵U, and ²³⁸U), focusing on methodological consistency. For radioisotopes for which multiple studies are available, results are combined through a random effects model to yield the best available values and associated uncertainties. Unfortunately, despite its vital role in modern geochronology, only one experimental determination of ²³⁸U decay met our criteria for consideration, significantly limiting the ability to assess its reliability. Thus, utilizing λ₂₃₈ as an anchor for establishing other decay constants (e.g. ⁴⁰K, ¹⁷⁶Lu, and spontaneous ²³⁸U fission) places an unverified result at the core of geochronology. For geochronology to attain its greatest potential, more and better laboratory determinations of decay constants are required, along with a community methodology that permits us to continuously take advantage of new data.