Soiling of limestone in an urban environment characterized by heavy vehicular exhaust emissions

The inorganic and organic chemical composition of weathering sulphate patinas on the limestone walls of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, UK, have been analysed by FT-IR spectroscopy, pyrolysis gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy. The College location is characterized by heavy vehicular exhaust emissions including those from diesel powered public transport vehicles due to its proximity to the main Cambridge coach station. A complex mixture of gaseous and particulate air pollutants are found deposited in the weathering patinas including organic compounds (such as PAHs), which represent markers for present-day vehicular pollution. Slight differences in composition between patinas collected at different heights on the building facades with, in particular, more evidence for a biogenic overprint in samples collected at roof level as opposed to ground (street) level are found. Analytical results confirm how building stones in urban areas acted in the past and still do today as passive repositories for any kind of gaseous and particulate air pollutant present in the surrounding atmosphere; accordingly, weathering patinas are slowly changing their composition to accommodate new classes of present-day air pollutants.     

Patterns of halite (NaCl) crystallisation in building stone conditioned by laboratory heating regimes

The crystallisation of soluble salts within the pores of the stone is widely recognised as a major mechanism causing the deterioration of the stone-built architectural heritage. Temperature, in turn, is one of the main controls on this process, including salt precipitation, the pressure of crystallisation and the thermal expansion of salts. Most laboratory experiments on decay generated by salts are just carried out with convective heating regimes, while in natural environments building stones can undergo radiative and convective heating regimes. The thermal response of stone to these different heating regimes is noticeably different and might influence the crystallisation patterns of a salt within a stone. The aim of this work is to raise awareness on the different patterns of crystallisation of NaCl within a porous stone tested with different heating regimes (convection and radiation) and the implications that this could have on the design of experimental modelling of natural weathering conditions in laboratory simulations. Results show that heating regime affects the sodium chloride distribution within a stone with high percentage of microporosity. In this case, radiation heating facilitates the generation of subefflorescences, while convection heating promotes efflorescences. This has a clear implication both on the stone decay in natural environments and on the methodologies for testing salt decay, as subefflorescences are more destructive than efflorescences. In this sense, the use of convective heating in laboratory experimentation might underestimate the potential damage that sodium chloride may generate. This counsels the use of radiation heating test methods in addition to convection for the laboratory study of salt crystallisation.     

Groundwater contaminant transport including adsorption and first order decay

This study deals with the transport of a contaminant in groundwater. The contaminant is subject to first order decay or linear adsorption. Its displacement can be modeled by a random walk process in which particles are killed at exponentially distributed times. Dirichlet problems are derived for the rate and mean time at which contaminated particles reach a particular part of the boundary of a certain domain. These Dirichlet problems are solved asymptotically for two types of 2D-flow patterns: flow parallel to the boundary of a domain and arbitrary flow towards a well in an aquifer.     

便携式常压空气脉冲电离室 α辐射仪的研制

本文介绍了一种新的、多用途便携式α辐射仪,其探测器是常压空气脉冲电离室,仪器既可作常规射气测量,又可开展累积法测氡（α杯法,α卡法等）,还能在野外现场作活性炭α测量,并有效地解决了探测器上放射性污染的去污处理问题.探测器灵敏面积500 cm²,灵敏度高.数据采集及处理系统由PC-1500袖珍计算机构成,功能强.     

Effects of glaciations and permafrost upon the development of karst in Canada

Canadian examples suggest that karst landforms may be divided into eight types in terms of their temporal relationships to the record of repeated Quaternary glaciations. Two types are postglacial, two are subglacial, one type occurs where glacial features are adapted to karstic drainage, and three types display sequences of karstic and glacial action. Glacier effects upon karst landforms and their underlying aquifers display the gamut of possibilities. They may destroy, inhibit, preserve, or stimulate karst development. Where continuous permafrost is maintained when covered by glacier ice, postglacial karst is limited to the active layer epikarst. Where permafrost is thawed beneath ice or during deglaciation there are a variety of postglacial karst developments, depending in part upon climate and in part upon local lithologic and relief conditions.     

Environmental impact on the Roman monuments of Tarragona,Spain

The extant remains of the Roman monuments of Tarragona, Spain are made of different types of Miocenic rocks from the quarries surrounding the city, which vary from calcarenite to bioclastic limestones, showing different degrees of dolomitization, depending on their diagenetic evolution. The decay of these monuments is highly dependent on the mineralogy and the fabric of the stone as well as on the environmental conditions to which the monument subjected. As a consequence, different forms of decay are observed on these monuments, namely, granular disintegration, differential erosion between sparitic and micritic areas of the rock, and development of black crust and orange patinas, some of them attributed to a sulfation process. A number of processes have been established as being responsible for the decay forms observed: sulfation on sheltered areas of the building in the urban environment; differential dilatation because of the NaCl of the marine spray that crystallizes inside the porosity; hydric and thermal expansion of the stone, both related to the amount and crystallinity of the clay minerals forming the rock matrix; and biocolonization on the stone surface. An empirical model is proposed to explain the decay forms studied in relation to these factors (rock and environment).     

Existence of the atmosphere attractor

The global asymptotic behavior of solutions for the equations of large scale atmospheric motion with the non-stationary external forcing is studied in the infinite dimensional Hilbert space. Based on the properties of operators of the equations, some energy inequalities and the uniqueness theorem of solutions are obtained. On the assumption that external forces are bounded, the exsitence of the global absorbing set and the atmosphere attractor is proved, and the characteristics of the decay of effect of initial field and the adjustment to the external forcing are revealed. The physical sense of the results is discussed and some ideas about climatic numerical forecast are elucidated Work supported by the State Key Research Project on Dynamics and Predictive Theory of the Climate.     

冻结黄土的拉伸蠕变特性

本以为依据揭示饱水冻结黄土拉伸蠕变过程的若干特点。拉伸蠕变同样具有两类三阶段性质，与压缩蠕变相比，拉伸非衰减蠕变的总变形小，第Ⅲ阶段变形的比例不大，历时短，不论土温高低最终均发生脆性破坏，根据应变速率－时间曲线特征提出拉伸蠕变方程，对第Ⅲ阶段变有较好的表述。     

中国人口流动重力模型回归系数的定量估算及其空间异质性研究

基于中国337个地级及以上行政区划间人口省际流动数据,对人口流动重力模型代理变量的回归系数进行实证推算。结论包括：① 在地级行政单元研究精度下,中国人口流动重力模型代理变量的回归系数呈现出明显的空间异质性,及难以预期的作用效应,因此研究精度的提升将加剧空间交互模型构建的复杂程度,同时假定重力模型回归系数的空间均质性将导致模拟结果空间差异趋势的收敛;② 中国人口省际流动距离衰减系数为1.975,337个地级及以上行政区划距离衰减系数值域为0.434~4.438。研究所展示的各省该系数值域及直辖市、省会城市结果为今后模型应用提供了基础参考数据;③ 地级行政单元下的距离衰减系数存在空间异质性与梯度特征,高值区主要分布在东北沿疆、新疆和珠三角地区,低值区主要位于中国中部和西南地区。结合以往研究成果比较,中国人口省际流动的空间衰减特征与铁路客运网络的可达性格局存在一定程度的一致性。