图像分数维计算模型的改进

分数维作为一种图像纹理特征常用于遥感图像分类,提高图像分数维的测量有助于提高遥感分类精度。本文在介绍目前常用的基于分形布朗运动分数维计算方法的基础上,运用分形的相关理论,指出了现有方法存在的缺陷,提出了改进的分数维计算方法;并用SPOT全色影像中常见的5种地物进行了对比实验,实验结果表明,本文提出的改进方法获得的分数维测量结果比现有的方法更接近理论分析结果,更有利于地物的识别与分类。     

Effect of permeability variations on solute transport in highly heterogeneous porous media

The effect of aquifer heterogeneity on flow and solute transport in two-dimensional isotropic porous media was analyzed using the Monte Carlo method. The two-dimensional logarithmic permeability (ln K) was assumed to be a non-stationary random field with its increments being a truncated fractional Lévy motion (fLm). The permeability fields were generated using the modified successive random additions (SRA) algorithm code SRA3DC [http://www.iamg.org/CGEditor/index.htm]. The velocity and concentration fields were computed respectively for two-dimensional flow and transport with a pulse input using the finite difference codes of MODFLOW 2000 and MT3DMS. Two fLm control parameters, namely the width parameter (C) and the Lévy index (α), were varied systematically to examine their effect on the resulting permeability, flow velocity and concentration fields. We also computed the first- and second-spatial moments, the dilution index, as well as the breakthrough curves at different control planes with the corresponding concentration fields. In addition, the derived breakthrough curves were fitted using the continuous time random walk (CTRW) and the traditional advection-dispersion equation (ADE). Results indicated that larger C and smaller α both led to more heterogeneous permeability and velocity fields. The Lévy-stable distribution of increments in ln K resulted in a Lévy-stable distribution of increments in logarithm of the velocity (ln v). Both larger C and smaller α created sharper leading edges and wider tailing edges of solute plumes. Furthermore, a relatively larger amount of solute still remained in the domain after a relatively longer time transport for smaller α values. The dilution indices were smaller than unity and increased as C increased and α decreased. The solute plume and its second-spatial moments increased as C increased and α decreased, while the first-spatial moments of the solute plume were independent of C and α values. The longitudinal macrodispersivity was scale-dependent and increased as a power law function of time. Increasing C and decreasing α both resulted in an increase in longitudinal macrodispersivity. The transport in such highly heterogeneous media was slightly non-Gaussian with its derived breakthrough curves being slightly better fitted by the CTRW than the ADE, especially in the early arrivals and late-time tails.     

塔里木巴楚小海子正长岩杂岩体的岩石成因探讨

巴楚小海子正长岩杂岩体是二叠纪塔里木大火成岩省的重要组成部分.SIMS锆石U-Pb定年显示其形成于279.7±2.0Ma,与本区辉绿岩脉和石英正长斑岩岩脉近于同时侵位.根据矿物学特征,小海子正长岩体可分为铁橄榄石正长岩和角闪正长岩两类.前者主要由碱性长石、铁橄榄石、单斜辉石、角闪石和少量石英、斜长石组成,后者主要由碱性长石、角闪石、黑云母和少量的石英、斜长石组成.小海子正长岩体为铁质、碱性系列,轻稀土相对富集,重稀土亏损,具有明显的Eu正异常,无Nb、Ta负异常,相对低的(87Sr/86Sr);(0.7033 ～0.7038)和正的εNd(t)值(+3.1～+3.8),暗示它们来自亏损的地幔源区,没有地壳物质的加入.主微量和同位素地球化学分析,暗示巴楚小海子正长岩的母岩浆为碱性的幔源玄武质岩浆经橄榄石、单斜辉石分离结晶后的残余熔体,并且含有堆晶的碱性长石.这种含有碱性长石堆晶的熔体,在相对还原的条件下结晶,形成铁橄榄石正长岩;在相对氧化的条件下结晶,并经过不同程度斜长石的分离结晶形成角闪正长岩.     

岩浆长期分离结晶对岩石锶同位素初始比值的影响

讨论了在岩浆长期分离结晶作用的模式,由于晚期残留熔体相对于早期结晶相其Rb/Sr比增高,当有一定滞留时间条件下,将导致晚期结晶相~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr初始比增高,因而在一个复式岩基内会形成具有不同锶同位素初始比的多个岩石单元。文中以安徽地洼阶段的黄山一狮子岭岩体为例,通过模拟计算,得到其初始岩浆(?)=0.7122,(Rb/Sr)0=3,该岩浆的80％分离结晶形成黄山岩体,其(?)=0.7143(t=130Ma),其余20％的残余熔体结晶后形成狮子岭岩体,其(?)=0.7180(t=123.1Ma)。     

苏鲁皖新生代玄武岩中巨晶组合的稀土元素特征

我国东部苏鲁皖地区新生代碱性玄武岩中,除了含有大量地幔橄榄岩类捕虏体以外,尚含有一定数量的石榴石、普通辉石和歪长石巨晶。这些巨晶是在地幔不同深度上从玄武岩中晶出的。巨晶组合的分离结晶作用对熔体稀土元素含量有很大影响。赋存巨晶的碱性玄武岩所具有的LREE富集、HREE亏损的稀土元素分配型式是由地幔橄榄岩类部分熔融程度、石榴石巨晶和普通辉石巨晶的早期高压熔离和玄武岩的结晶分异作用等综合因素造成的。     

Differential bedload transport rates in a gravel-bed stream: A grain-size distribution approach

Two methods that were recently proposed for calculating fractional bedload transport rates in gravel-bed streams are examined closely. Both of them employ the Oak Creek bedload data. The Diplas (PD) method is guided by dimensional analysis and, therefore, can be used to predict bedload transport in different gravel rivers. The only requirement for using this method is the knowledge of the subsurface material size distribution of the stream of interest. The expression for the fractional bedload transport obtained by the Shih and Komar (SK) method for Oak Creek cannot be used for other streams. Its use for a given stream requires information that is rarely available. For the Oak Creek case both methods demonstrate similar predictive ability.     

多期岩浆分离结晶作用中微量元素丰度关系

本文提出了多期岩浆分离结晶中元素丰度关系的数学表达式;阐述了微量元素正向演化和反向演化的机理;指出了在不同岩浆分离阶段一些微量元素丰度关系常数(R)有明显变化,可以此作为阶段划分的依据。由峨嵋山玄武岩系及基性-超基性层状岩体研究所得出的元素丰度关系式,适用于其他成分岩浆分离结晶成因的岩浆岩系。本文着重列举数据较齐全的智利安底斯山脉玄武岩、玄武安山岩、安山岩、英安岩和流纹岩岩系的资料作为系统验证。     

盐卤硼酸盐化学ⅩⅤⅢ·MgO·3B_2O_3-MgCl_2-H_2O浓溶液中六硼酸镁盐结晶动力学

人工模拟合成B_2O_3/MgO=3的过饱和氯化镁溶液,分别在20～60℃恒温条件下,在密封、无外界扰动条件下进行水合六硼酸镁盐结晶动力学实验测定。最后分离固相,经处理后,用化学分析和物理分析法进行物相鉴定。采用计算机对实验数据进行处理,给出相应的结晶动力学方程。根据硼在水盐溶液中是以多粒子形式共存这一结论,提出不同水合六硼酸镁盐的结晶反应机制。     

丰度关系法估算分离结晶岩浆岩系原始岩浆成分

幔源原始岩浆是分离结晶过程的起点，又是地幔的平衡或分离部分熔融的产物，在这种原始岩浆岩中元素丰度关系既遵守分离结晶规律，又遵守地幔部分熔融规律。根据原始岩浆的元素丰度关系的这种双重特性，以安底斯山脉火山岩系的稀土元素为例，阐明了由分离结晶的岩浆岩岩系成分恢复原始岩浆成分的原理，并厘定出原始岩浆元素丰度的估算方法。