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111.
In this paper we show evidences of the fractal nature of the 3-D inhomogeneities in the lithosphere from the study of seismic wave scattering and discuss the relation between the fractal dimension of the 3-D inhomogeneities and that of the fault surfaces. Two methods are introduced to measure the inhomogeneity spectrum of a random medium: 1. the coda excitation spectrum method, and 2. the method of measuring the frequency dependence of scattering attenuation. The fractal dimension can be obtained from the inhomogeneity spectrum of the medium. The coda excitation method is applied to the Hindu-Kush data. Based on the observed coda excitation spectra (for frequencies 1–25 Hz) and the past observations on the frequency dependence of scattering attenuation, we infer that the lithospheric inhomogeneities are multiple scaled and can be modeled as a bandlimited fractal random medium (BLFRM) with an outer scale of about 1 km. The fractal dimension of the 3-D inhomogeneities isD
3=31/2–32/3, which corresponds to a scaling exponent (Hurst number)H=1/2–1/3. The corresponding 1-D inhomogeneity spectra obey the power law with a powerp=2H+1=2–5/3. The intersection between the earth surface and the isostrength surface of the 3-D inhomogeneities will have fractal dimensionD
1=1.5–1.67. If we consider the earthquake fault surface as developed from the isosurface of the 3-D inhomogeneities and smoothed by the rupture dynamics, the fractal dimension of the fault trace on the surface must be smaller thanD
1, in agreement with recent measurements of fractal dimension along the San Andreas fault. 相似文献
112.
In order to study historical flood-frequency records we plot the log of the number of floods on a river per unit time in which the peak discharge exceeds a specified value against the log of that value. For ten benchmark stations we find good correlations with scale-invariant (fractal) statistics. We suggest that the underlying physical processes associated with the generation of floods are sufficiently scale invariant over time scales from one to one hundred years that they provide a rational basis for the application of scale-invariant statistics. Our results fall within the range of flood-frequency estimates made by other statistical techniques. We propose that the ratio of the ten-year peak discharge to the one-year peak discharge is a quantitative measure of flood potential. With scale invariance is also the ratio of the one-hundred year flood to the ten-year flood. We find that the values of for ten stations on rivers throughout the country range from 2.04 to 8.11 and find strong regional variations that can be correlated in terms of climate. Our results are consistent with the observed fractal statistics in sedimentary sections. We have also carried out R/S analyses for the ten stations and have obtained values of the Hurst exponent. We find that the Hurst exponent cannot be used for flood-frequency forecasting. 相似文献
113.
D. L. Turcotte L. Greene 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》1993,7(1):33-40
In order to study historical flood-frequency records we plot the log of the number of floods on a river per unit time in which the peak discharge exceeds a specified value against the log of that value. For ten benchmark stations we find good correlations with scale-invariant (fractal) statistics. We suggest that the underlying physical processes associated with the generation of floods are sufficiently scale invariant over time scales from one to one hundred years that they provide a rational basis for the application of scale-invariant statistics. Our results fall within the range of flood-frequency estimates made by other statistical techniques. We propose that the ratio of the ten-year peak discharge to the one-year peak discharge is a quantitative measure of flood potential. With scale invariance is also the ratio of the one-hundred year flood to the ten-year flood. We find that the values of for ten stations on rivers throughout the country range from 2.04 to 8.11 and find strong regional variations that can be correlated in terms of climate. Our results are consistent with the observed fractal statistics in sedimentary sections. We have also carried out R/S analyses for the ten stations and have obtained values of the Hurst exponent. We find that the Hurst exponent cannot be used for flood-frequency forecasting. 相似文献
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基于遥感技术的无锡市城镇形态分形研究 总被引:7,自引:1,他引:7
城镇形态研究不仅是城镇规划、城镇建设和城镇土地利用的重要依据 ,也是城镇社会经济发展的理论基础。对地理现象形态的关注和研究早已成为地理学者的一项工作。从地貌学者所关注的地形到城市地理学家所关注的城市形态分类 ,都有形态问题。从 2 0世纪 90年代以来 ,我国在城市形态研究领域 ,无论在理论方面还是在应用方面 ,都取得了许多成就 ,但大多数研究主要集中在空间结构变化的机制和城镇内部结构形态的变化这两方面 ,对城镇形态的自身特征及其变化研究不多 ,对城镇形态的空间信息如何客观、准确地提取则涉及得更少。据此 ,本文的研究重点首先是解决如何客观、有效地提取城镇形态信息和空间数据 ;其次是根据提取出的空间信息和数据 ,对无锡市城镇外部形态特征进行分形研究 ,以揭示出城镇形态的复杂性和稳定性。 相似文献
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苏锡常地区地裂缝分形的初步研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
利用分形理论对苏锡常地区地裂缝的空间分布特征进行了初步探讨,计算出该区地裂缝的分维值在0987~0996之间。分析认为,该区地裂缝在地质作用过程中自组织程度一致性较强,并具局部与整体的自相似性,这种自相似性,对研究该区地裂缝的进一步发展可能有一定的预测意义 相似文献