Post-solidification cooling and the age of Io's lava flows

The modeling of thermal emission from active lava flows must account for the cooling of the lava after solidification. Models of lava cooling applied to data collected by the Galileo spacecraft have, until now, not taken this into consideration. This is a flaw as lava flows on Io are thought to be relatively thin with a range in thickness from ∼1 to 13 m. Once a flow is completely solidified (a rapid process on a geological time scale), the surface cools faster than the surface of a partially molten flow. Cooling via the base of the lava flow is also important and accelerates the solidification of the flow compared to the rate for the ‘semi-infinite’ approximation (which is only valid for very deep lava bodies). We introduce a new model which incorporates the solidification and basal cooling features. This model gives a superior reproduction of the cooling of the 1997 Pillan lava flows on Io observed by the Galileo spacecraft. We also use the new model to determine what observations are necessary to constrain lava emplacement style at Loki Patera. Flows exhibit different cooling profiles from that expected from a lava lake. We model cooling with a finite-element code and make quantitative predictions for the behavior of lava flows and other lava bodies that can be tested against observations both on Io and Earth. For example, a 10-m-thick ultramafic flow, like those emplaced at Pillan Patera in 1997, solidifies in ∼450 days (at which point the surface temperature has cooled to ∼280 K) and takes another 390 days to cool to 249 K. Observations over a sufficient period of time reveal divergent cooling trends for different lava bodies [examples: lava flows and lava lakes have different cooling trends after the flow has solidified (flows cool faster)]. Thin flows solidify and cool faster than flows of greater thickness. The model can therefore be used as a diagnostic tool for constraining possible emplacement mechanisms and compositions of bodies of lava in remote-sensing data.     

四川盆地构造沉降特征及成因机制分析

盆地的沉降过程能够反映盆地的演化历史及成盆机制。为深入分析四川盆地构造沉降特征,本文基于最新钻井资料和地震数据,通过回剥反演方法,进行去压实、沉积负载、古水深和海平面变化校正,重建了四川盆地不同构造单元的构造沉降史。同时根据瞬时均匀伸展模型和裂后热坳陷模型进行正演模拟,对盆地成因进行分析。构造沉降史的恢复揭示了四川盆地具有典型的克拉通盆地沉降特征。四川盆地的形成演化可划分为震旦纪—早古生代、石炭纪—三叠纪、侏罗纪—白垩纪3个构造沉降旋回,盆地经历了晚震旦世—早寒武世、早志留世、晚二叠世—早三叠世以及中晚侏罗世4幕快速沉降,第一幕和第三幕快速沉降期为岩石圈伸展减薄引起,另外两幕为前陆盆地发育过程中所引起的快速沉降。构造沉降正演结果表明四川盆地在寒武纪—奥陶纪和晚二叠世—三叠纪经历了两期“快速沉降—缓慢沉降”过程,快速沉降受控于岩石圈的伸展作用,缓慢沉降为岩石圈热冷却作用所主导。盆地在热冷却沉降阶段后进入前陆挠曲沉降,出现不同规模的剩余沉降。

     

有限差分的时间和空间频散及其对逆时偏移和全波形反演的影响

有限差分是最常用的地震波方程数值模拟方法,但时间和空间离散会产生数值频散.正演是逆时偏移和全波形反演的基本单元,成像和反演的精度很大程度依赖于所采用的数值模拟算法.本文研究了有限差分的时间和空间频散特性及其对逆时偏移和全波形反演的影响.通过时间有限差分+伪谱法、时间频散校正+空间有限差分、时间频散校正+伪谱法获取时间频散、空间频散和无频散数据;发展了抗时间频散、抗空间频散、抗时间+空间频散的逆时偏移和全波形反演方法;采用理论模型和实际资料对提出的方法进行了测试.数值结果表明：逆时偏移同时受时间和空间频散影响,时间频散导致同相轴不聚焦、成像位置偏离,空间频散会产生高频噪声和虚假反射界面;全波形反演在低频大尺度反演中几乎不受时间和空间频散影响,高频精细反演中时间频散引起波形相移、降低反演精度,空间频散增加多解性、导致反演不收敛;抗频散方法可以有效缓解时间和空间频散影响,获得高质量的偏移剖面和反演结果.

     

伊洛瓦底盆地热-沉降史模拟及构造-热演化特征

本文首先运用EASY% Ro反演法对伊洛瓦底盆地由北向南进行了热史的恢复,北部钦敦凹陷的平均古地温梯度为13.0~15.0 ℃/km,中部沙林凹陷的平均古地温梯度为18.0~22.0 ℃/km,南部三角洲凹陷的平均古地温梯度为33.0~37.0 ℃/km.从模拟结果可以看出,盆地由北向南地温梯度逐渐升高,生烃门限的深度由深变浅.然后模拟了盆地的构造沉降史.模拟结果表明,盆地具有幕式构造沉降特征,这反映了伊洛瓦底盆地可能处于弧间或弧后的构造背景.伊洛瓦底盆地北部和南部具有不同幕次的构造沉降史,北部在早始新世时期（53~51 Ma）经历了一幕拉伸过程,然后进入了热沉降期,并伴随局部的快速隆升;南部则经历了两幕拉张过程,分别是在早始新世时期（53~51 Ma）和中中新世时期（21~13 Ma）.盆地的这种南北构造沉降的差异很可能是造成盆地地温梯度北低南高的原因.     

基于交错网格有限差分法的断面波叠前时间偏移成像影响因素正演分析

断层和断裂带的有效识别是地震资料解释中的重要环节,断层在地震信号响应中以断面波的形式体现,因此断面波成像的质量关系到断层的精细识别与刻画.本文利用精度较高的交错网格有限差分正演模拟方法对断面波成像的影响因素进行了正演研究,主要正演分析的参数包括采集因素中的电缆长度和采集方向,地质因素中的断层倾角、断距、反射系数,以及处理因素中的偏移方法等几个方面.通过正演论证得出：采用合理的采集参数能够提高断面波的照明度;有效结合地质因素能够提高断面波的解释精度;利用合理的偏移方法能够使断层归位更加准确,断面波有效成像.基于以上结论,对于断面波的精确识别与刻画,应综合采集因素,处理因素及地质因素,只有这样才能提高断层的解释精度,有效减小解释误差.     

OPA 90's impact at reducing oil spills

OPA 90 set out stringent requirements and liabilities for tankers operating in US national waters. OPA 90 was in response to the public concern caused by the grounding of the Exxon Valdez in 1989. It made ship owners responsible for the cost of pollution incidents and required all tank ships/barges operating in US waters have double hulls by 2015. We model factors influencing oil spills and test whether OPA 90 helped reduce the number of those spills. After accounting for causal factors, both increased liability and double hulls were statistically significant factors in reducing the number of spills.     

Dimethylsulfide production in Sargasso Sea eddies

Lagrangian time series of dimethylsulfide (DMS) concentrations from a cyclonic and an anticyclonic eddy in the Sargasso Sea were used in conjunction with measured DMS loss rates and a model of vertical mixing to estimate gross DMS production in the upper 60 m during summer 2004. Loss terms included biological consumption, photolysis, and ventilation to the atmosphere. The time- and depth (0–60 m)-averaged gross DMS production was estimated to be 0.73±0.09 nM d⁻¹ in the cyclonic eddy and 0.90±0.15 nM d⁻¹ in the anticyclonic eddy, with respective DMS replacement times of 5±1 and 6±1 d. The higher estimated rate of gross production and lower measured loss rate constants in the anticyclonic eddy were equally responsible for this eddy's 50% higher DMS inventory (0–60 m). When normalized to chlorophyll and total dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), estimated gross production in the anticyclonic eddy was about twice that in the cyclonic eddy, consistent with the greater fraction of phytoplankton that were DMSP producers in the anticyclonic eddy. Higher rates of gross production were estimated below the mixed layer, contributing to the subsurface DMS maximum found in both eddies. In both eddies, gas exchange, microbial consumption, and photolysis were roughly equal DMS loss terms in the surface mixed layer (0.2–0.4 nM d⁻¹). Vertical mixing was a substantial source of DMS to the surface mixed layer in both eddies (0.2–0.3 nM d⁻¹) owing to the relatively high DMS concentrations below the mixed layer. Estimated net biological DMS production rates (gross production minus microbial consumption) in the mixed layer were substantially lower (by almost a factor of 3) than those estimated in a previous study of the Sargasso Sea, which may explain the relatively low mixed-layer DMS concentrations found here during July 2004 (3 nM) compared to previous summers (4–6 nM).     

中国隧道及井巷地震波法超前探测技术研究分析

自20世纪90年代以来,反射地震波法作为一种主要的超前探测技术在我国国内隧道及井巷工程中取得了诸多成功应用的探测实例,同时在应用中不同探测方法也存在不少问题。文章结合国内外超前探测中应用较为广泛的TSP法、负视速度法、HSP法、TRT法、ISIS系统等反射波探测技术加以阐明,分析了国内超前探测技术应用与研究的现状,指出隧道及井巷超前探测数据采集与处理过程中存在的不足,并进一步提出超前探测研究在正反演理论、数据采集、偏移成像技术等方面应该注意的问题,超前探测的目标是要建立和完善一套实时的巷道前方地质体的动态监测与预报系统。     

A nonlinear PDE formulation for offshore vessel pipeline installation

In this paper a nonlinear dynamic PDE formulation for a pipe string suspended from a pipelay vessel to the seabed in a pipelay operation is developed. This model extends a three-dimensional beam model capable of undergoing finite extension, shearing, twist and bending, to apply for marine applications by adding the effects of restoring forces, hydrodynamic drag and seabed interaction. The model is validated against the natural catenary equation and the FEM code RIFLEX. The model is extended to include the pipelay vessel dynamics by applying a potential theory formulation of a surface vessel, suited for dynamic positioning and low speed maneuvering, as a boundary condition for the PDE. This system is found to be input-output passive and stable. Pipeline installation applications where the presented model is suited are e.g., analysis and simulation of the installation operation, operability analysis, hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) testing for vessel control systems, and automation of the pipelay operation.     

珠江口二类水体水色三要素的优化反演

根据2003年1月份珠江口实测资料获得了适合该海域的相关参数,建立了适用于该海域的二类水体水色三要素优化反演模型,同步优化反演得到了与2003年1月25～26日实测站点相对应的2003年1月29日的SeaWiFs图像像元点的水色三要素,反演与实测水色三要素的平均相对误差分别为：叶绿素14．9％,悬浮泥沙12．1％,黄色物质13．6％。研究结果说明本研究建立的优化反演模型比较适用于珠江口二类水体水色三要素的反演,且具有较高的反演精度。